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信貸業務抵押擔(dan)保風險法律審查指引

2017-06-02

    第(di)一部分(fen)抵押擔(dan)保(bao)風險法(fa)律審查指引(yin)概述

    抵(di)押(ya)擔(dan)保(bao)指不(bu)轉移對某一特定物的(de)(de)(de)占有而將該(gai)財(cai)產(chan)(chan)作為(wei)債權(quan)的(de)(de)(de)物的(de)(de)(de)擔(dan)保(bao),是銀行授信業務(wu)中最常見的(de)(de)(de)擔(dan)保(bao)方式之一。在我國現行的(de)(de)(de)法律體(ti)系下,關(guan)于抵(di)押(ya)財(cai)產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)范(fan)圍(wei)及抵(di)押(ya)權(quan)設定的(de)(de)(de)要求等(deng)方面均有較(jiao)為(wei)明確的(de)(de)(de)規定。

    抵(di)(di)押擔保全面(mian)生效需(xu)滿足以下要件:抵(di)(di)押人(ren)主(zhu)體適格(ge);抵(di)(di)押物(wu)符合(he)法(fa)(fa)律規定(ding);抵(di)(di)押合(he)同以書面(mian)形式訂立且有效;抵(di)(di)押權依法(fa)(fa)設(she)立。

    其中(zhong)抵押權依法(fa)設立(li)是(shi)最(zui)為(wei)關(guan)鍵的(de)一個環節,根(gen)據我國(guo)《物(wu)(wu)權法(fa)》及《擔保(bao)法(fa)》的(de)規定,抵押權是(shi)存在于抵押物(wu)(wu)上的(de)他物(wu)(wu)權,設立(li)方式分為(wei)兩類(lei):

   (1)登(deng)記(ji)(ji)設立(強制的抵(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)登(deng)記(ji)(ji)),即以該等抵(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)財產(chan)設立抵(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)必須(xu)辦理抵(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)登(deng)記(ji)(ji),抵(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)合(he)同(tong)自簽訂之(zhi)日起生(sheng)效(xiao),但抵(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)自登(deng)記(ji)(ji)之(zhi)日起設立,未經登(deng)記(ji)(ji),抵(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)不生(sheng)效(xiao)。該種方式(shi)主(zhu)要適(shi)用(yong)于不動(dong)產(chan)抵(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya),如建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)物(wu)及其他(ta)土地附著物(wu);建(jian)(jian)設用(yong)地使用(yong)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan);土地承包經營權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan);在(zai)建(jian)(jian)工程(cheng)等。

   (2)登記(ji)對抗(選擇的(de)抵(di)(di)押登記(ji)),即當事人可自行選擇是否辦理抵(di)(di)押登記(ji),抵(di)(di)押權自抵(di)(di)押合同生(sheng)(sheng)效時設立,不登記(ji)不影響抵(di)(di)押權設立,但只有經過(guo)登記(ji)后方可產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)對抗善意第三人的(de)效力。主(zhu)要適用于動產(chan)抵(di)(di)押,如生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)設備、原材料、半成品(pin)、產(chan)品(pin);正在建造的(de)船(chuan)舶、航空器;交(jiao)通運輸(shu)工具(ju)等。

    第二部分重點法律風(feng)險審查指引

    1.抵押財(cai)產應為(wei)符(fu)合法(fa)律(lv)規(gui)定的動(dong)產或(huo)不(bu)動(dong)產,不(bu)得為(wei)社會公益設(she)施(shi)

    首先,抵(di)押財(cai)產應是符合《物(wu)權法》第(di)180條規(gui)(gui)定(ding)且不存在(zai)《物(wu)權法》第(di)184條規(gui)(gui)定(ding)的(de)情形。

    其(qi)(qi)次(ci),特(te)殊主體提供的(de)(de)(de)抵(di)(di)(di)押財(cai)產(chan)應符(fu)合相關(guan)規定。結(jie)合《擔(dan)(dan)保法(fa)(fa)(fa)》、《最高人(ren)民法(fa)(fa)(fa)院關(guan)于(yu)(yu)適用〈中華人(ren)民共和(he)國擔(dan)(dan)保法(fa)(fa)(fa)〉若干問題(ti)的(de)(de)(de)解釋》(以下(xia)簡(jian)稱“《擔(dan)(dan)保法(fa)(fa)(fa)司法(fa)(fa)(fa)解釋》”)及《物(wu)(wu)權法(fa)(fa)(fa)》的(de)(de)(de)規定:(1)學校(xiao)、幼兒(er)(er)園及醫(yi)(yi)院等以公益為(wei)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)事業單(dan)位、社會團(tuan)體的(de)(de)(de)教育設(she)施(shi)(shi)、醫(yi)(yi)療(liao)設(she)施(shi)(shi)及其(qi)(qi)他社會公益設(she)施(shi)(shi)不(bu)得抵(di)(di)(di)押,但以其(qi)(qi)教育設(she)施(shi)(shi)、醫(yi)(yi)療(liao)衛生(sheng)設(she)施(shi)(shi)和(he)其(qi)(qi)他公益設(she)施(shi)(shi)以外的(de)(de)(de)財(cai)產(chan)為(wei)自身債務(wu)設(she)定抵(di)(di)(di)押的(de)(de)(de),應認定抵(di)(di)(di)押有效(xiao)。特(te)別的(de)(de)(de),對(dui)于(yu)(yu)民營(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)以營(ying)(ying)利為(wei)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)學校(xiao)、幼兒(er)(er)園及醫(yi)(yi)院等,也(ye)不(bu)得以其(qi)(qi)公益設(she)施(shi)(shi)設(she)立抵(di)(di)(di)押,在這點上(shang)不(bu)因所有制性(xing)質存在差異。(2)物(wu)(wu)權法(fa)(fa)(fa)及擔(dan)(dan)保法(fa)(fa)(fa)對(dui)國家(jia)機(ji)關(guan)的(de)(de)(de)財(cai)產(chan)能否作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)抵(di)(di)(di)押物(wu)(wu)未作(zuo)(zuo)直接規定,但從國家(jia)機(ji)關(guan)和(he)公益法(fa)(fa)(fa)人(ren)均承擔(dan)(dan)社會管理和(he)社會服務(wu)職能的(de)(de)(de)角(jiao)度看,應當參(can)照(zhao)擔(dan)(dan)保法(fa)(fa)(fa)和(he)擔(dan)(dan)保法(fa)(fa)(fa)司法(fa)(fa)(fa)解釋關(guan)于(yu)(yu)公益法(fa)(fa)(fa)人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)規定處理。原則上(shang)國家(jia)機(ji)關(guan)的(de)(de)(de)財(cai)產(chan)不(bu)能作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)抵(di)(di)(di)押物(wu)(wu),但國家(jia)機(ji)關(guan)以其(qi)(qi)所開辦的(de)(de)(de)企業作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)擔(dan)(dan)保人(ren)并以該(gai)企業名下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)經營(ying)(ying)性(xing)財(cai)產(chan)提供抵(di)(di)(di)押擔(dan)(dan)保的(de)(de)(de),該(gai)擔(dan)(dan)保應有效(xiao)。

    2.應一(yi)并抵押(ya)(ya)的抵押(ya)(ya)財產須(xu)分別審查各自的在先(xian)抵押(ya)(ya)情況并要求一(yi)并提供(gong)抵押(ya)(ya)

    我國房(fang)地(di)(di)產(chan)抵(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)采取“房(fang)地(di)(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)體、房(fang)隨(sui)地(di)(di)走、地(di)(di)隨(sui)房(fang)走”的(de)(de)(de)基本原則,《物(wu)(wu)權(quan)(quan)(quan)法》第182條規定:“以建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)物(wu)(wu)抵(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de),該(gai)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)物(wu)(wu)占用(yong)(yong)范(fan)圍(wei)內(nei)的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)用(yong)(yong)地(di)(di)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)權(quan)(quan)(quan)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)并(bing)抵(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)。以建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)用(yong)(yong)地(di)(di)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)權(quan)(quan)(quan)抵(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de),該(gai)土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)上的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)物(wu)(wu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)并(bing)抵(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)。抵(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)人未依照前款規定一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)并(bing)抵(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de),未抵(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)財(cai)產(chan)視為一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)并(bing)抵(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)。”在(zai)(zai)接受建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)物(wu)(wu)或(huo)土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)抵(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)前,應(ying)(ying)要(yao)求抵(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)人分別提供房(fang)屋和(he)土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)權(quan)(quan)(quan)屬(shu)證書的(de)(de)(de)原件(jian)(如當地(di)(di)已統(tong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)和(he)房(fang)屋登(deng)(deng)(deng)記(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管理(li)部(bu)門(men)的(de)(de)(de),可(ke)僅提供房(fang)地(di)(di)產(chan)權(quan)(quan)(quan)證),并(bing)盡可(ke)能(neng)向登(deng)(deng)(deng)記(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)機關進行(xing)直接核實,以了解建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)物(wu)(wu)所(suo)有權(quan)(quan)(quan)及占用(yong)(yong)范(fan)圍(wei)內(nei)土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)權(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)權(quan)(quan)(quan)屬(shu)是否一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)致、是否已設(she)立抵(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)。隨(sui)著《不動產(chan)登(deng)(deng)(deng)記(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)暫行(xing)條例(li)》的(de)(de)(de)實施、不動產(chan)登(deng)(deng)(deng)記(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)機關的(de)(de)(de)統(tong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi),對建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)物(wu)(wu)所(suo)有權(quan)(quan)(quan)和(he)土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)權(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)權(quan)(quan)(quan)屬(shu)登(deng)(deng)(deng)記(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、抵(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)登(deng)(deng)(deng)記(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)核實應(ying)(ying)更為便利。需注意(yi)的(de)(de)(de)是,對于建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)用(yong)(yong)地(di)(di)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)權(quan)(quan)(quan)證面積大于建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)物(wu)(wu)占用(yong)(yong)范(fan)圍(wei)內(nei)的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)用(yong)(yong)地(di)(di)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)權(quan)(quan)(quan)證面積且在(zai)(zai)抵(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)評估(gu)時已考慮全部(bu)用(yong)(yong)于抵(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況,應(ying)(ying)在(zai)(zai)土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)管理(li)部(bu)門(men)同時辦(ban)理(li)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)用(yong)(yong)地(di)(di)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)權(quan)(quan)(quan)抵(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)登(deng)(deng)(deng)記(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji),不宜簡單適用(yong)(yong)“房(fang)隨(sui)地(di)(di)走,地(di)(di)隨(sui)房(fang)走”的(de)(de)(de)登(deng)(deng)(deng)記(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)原則僅在(zai)(zai)房(fang)產(chan)管理(li)部(bu)門(men)辦(ban)理(li)抵(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)登(deng)(deng)(deng)記(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。

    此(ci)外,根據《物權(quan)法》第183條(tiao)規定(ding),鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)鎮、村企業(ye)僅以企業(ye)占(zhan)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)建設(she)用(yong)(yong)地使(shi)用(yong)(yong)權(quan)抵(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)(de),應(ying)不予接受,但以廠(chang)房(fang)等建筑(zhu)物所有權(quan)提(ti)供抵(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)時,應(ying)將廠(chang)房(fang)占(zhan)用(yong)(yong)范(fan)圍(wei)內(nei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)建設(she)用(yong)(yong)地使(shi)用(yong)(yong)權(quan)一并辦理抵(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)。但由于鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)鎮、村企業(ye)占(zhan)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)土地為集(ji)體所有土地,抵(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)權(quan)實現(xian)存在(zai)一定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)限制(zhi),可能影響(xiang)抵(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)財(cai)產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)處置情況和抵(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)財(cai)產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)價(jia)值(zhi),《物權(quan)法》第201條(tiao)規定(ding),“以鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)鎮、村企業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)廠(chang)房(fang)等建筑(zhu)物占(zhan)用(yong)(yong)范(fan)圍(wei)內(nei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)建設(she)用(yong)(yong)地使(shi)用(yong)(yong)權(quan)抵(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)(de),實現(xian)抵(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)權(quan)后,未經法定(ding)程序(xu)不得改變(bian)土地所有權(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)性質和用(yong)(yong)途”,因此(ci)在(zai)接受鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)鎮、村企業(ye)廠(chang)房(fang)及其(qi)占(zhan)用(yong)(yong)范(fan)圍(wei)內(nei)土地抵(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)(de),應(ying)審慎評估抵(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)財(cai)產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)價(jia)值(zhi)。

    3.抵押擔保(bao)以抵押物(wu)價(jia)值為限提(ti)供擔保(bao),抵押物(wu)滅(mie)(mie)失并不(bu)必然導致抵押權消(xiao)滅(mie)(mie)

    抵(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)物(wu)滅(mie)(mie)(mie)失(shi)(shi)(shi)、毀(hui)(hui)損(sun)(sun)(sun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)(qing)況(kuang)下,抵(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)權的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)存續情(qing)(qing)況(kuang)可以(yi)分(fen)為(wei)以(yi)下三(san)種情(qing)(qing)況(kuang)分(fen)別(bie)對待。第(di)一種情(qing)(qing)況(kuang),抵(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)滅(mie)(mie)(mie)失(shi)(shi)(shi)、毀(hui)(hui)損(sun)(sun)(sun)是由于(yu)抵(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行為(wei)所(suo)致(zhi),抵(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)權人(ren)有(you)權要求抵(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)人(ren)提供(gong)與(yu)抵(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)物(wu)價(jia)值相應的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)擔保(bao)。第(di)二(er)種情(qing)(qing)況(kuang),抵(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)滅(mie)(mie)(mie)失(shi)(shi)(shi)、毀(hui)(hui)損(sun)(sun)(sun)非抵(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行為(wei)所(suo)致(zhi),其抵(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)價(jia)值轉化為(wei)其他形態時,抵(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)權的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)效力(li)及(ji)(ji)于(yu)因(yin)抵(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)物(wu)滅(mie)(mie)(mie)失(shi)(shi)(shi)、毀(hui)(hui)損(sun)(sun)(sun)所(suo)得(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)賠償(chang)(chang)金(jin)(jin)、保(bao)險金(jin)(jin)等(deng)代位物(wu)。例如,國家征用(yong)土地,應當依法(fa)按照被征用(yong)土地的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)用(yong)途給予補(bu)償(chang)(chang);被征用(yong)土地上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建筑物(wu)和青苗補(bu)償(chang)(chang)費,按照省、自(zi)治(zhi)區(qu)、直轄市規定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)標準給予補(bu)償(chang)(chang)。因(yin)此,抵(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)物(wu)被征用(yong)而滅(mie)(mie)(mie)失(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),抵(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)權的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)效力(li)及(ji)(ji)于(yu)因(yin)征用(yong)而取(qu)得(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)補(bu)償(chang)(chang)費。第(di)三(san)種情(qing)(qing)況(kuang),因(yin)不可抗力(li)造成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)抵(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)物(wu)滅(mie)(mie)(mie)失(shi)(shi)(shi)、毀(hui)(hui)損(sun)(sun)(sun),又(you)沒有(you)得(de)(de)到賠償(chang)(chang)金(jin)(jin)、保(bao)險金(jin)(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),抵(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)權因(yin)抵(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)滅(mie)(mie)(mie)失(shi)(shi)(shi)、毀(hui)(hui)損(sun)(sun)(sun)而消滅(mie)(mie)(mie)。故,如抵(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)設立后發生抵(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)物(wu)毀(hui)(hui)損(sun)(sun)(sun)、滅(mie)(mie)(mie)失(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)(qing)況(kuang),應重點審查毀(hui)(hui)損(sun)(sun)(sun)滅(mie)(mie)(mie)失(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)因(yin)以(yi)及(ji)(ji)是否取(qu)得(de)(de)了補(bu)償(chang)(chang)金(jin)(jin)、賠償(chang)(chang)金(jin)(jin)或(huo)保(bao)證金(jin)(jin)等(deng)。

     4.抵(di)押(ya)合同中約定的流押(ya)條款無效,但不影(ying)響抵(di)押(ya)合同其他條款的效力

     《物(wu)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)法(fa)(fa)》第(di)186條(tiao)規定(ding),“抵(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)人(ren)在債(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)履行(xing)期屆滿(man)前(qian),不(bu)得(de)與抵(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)人(ren)約定(ding)債(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)人(ren)不(bu)履行(xing)到期債(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)時抵(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)財產歸(gui)債(zhai)(zhai)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)人(ren)所有(you)(you)(you)。”《擔保法(fa)(fa)》第(di)40條(tiao)規定(ding),“訂(ding)立抵(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)合(he)同(tong)時,抵(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)人(ren)和(he)抵(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)人(ren)在合(he)同(tong)中不(bu)得(de)約定(ding)在債(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)履行(xing)期屆滿(man)抵(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)人(ren)未受清償時,抵(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)物(wu)的(de)(de)所有(you)(you)(you)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)轉(zhuan)移為債(zhai)(zhai)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)人(ren)所有(you)(you)(you)。”上述規定(ding)通常被稱為流(liu)押(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)條(tiao)款(kuan)(kuan)的(de)(de)禁止,抵(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)合(he)同(tong)包含流(liu)押(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)條(tiao)款(kuan)(kuan)的(de)(de),該等流(liu)押(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)條(tiao)款(kuan)(kuan)無效,但不(bu)影響抵(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)合(he)同(tong)其他條(tiao)款(kuan)(kuan)的(de)(de)合(he)法(fa)(fa)有(you)(you)(you)效性以及(ji)抵(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)合(he)法(fa)(fa)設立,在審查抵(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)合(he)同(tong)時,應(ying)關注此類具有(you)(you)(you)流(liu)押(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)性質的(de)(de)約定(ding),并(bing)予以刪(shan)除。

     5.抵押合同(tong)(tong)中應(ying)包含登(deng)(deng)記條(tiao)款,但不宜將登(deng)(deng)記條(tiao)款作為合同(tong)(tong)生(sheng)效條(tiao)件(jian)

     為(wei)確(que)保銀(yin)行享有合法生(sheng)效(xiao)且具有全面對抗效(xiao)力的(de)抵(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)權,對各種財產設定(ding)(ding)的(de)抵(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)擔保均應(ying)辦(ban)理(li)抵(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)登(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)記手續,在抵(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)合同(tong)中(zhong)約(yue)定(ding)(ding)登(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)記條款,將協助辦(ban)理(li)抵(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)登(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)記設定(ding)(ding)為(wei)抵(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)人的(de)義務,并明(ming)確(que)辦(ban)理(li)登(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)記的(de)期(qi)限與抵(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)人不(bu)配合登(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)記的(de)違約(yue)救濟。但(dan)需注意的(de)是,不(bu)宜(yi)將登(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)記條款約(yue)定(ding)(ding)為(wei)抵(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)合同(tong)的(de)生(sheng)效(xiao)條件,避免因(yin)各種原因(yin)未成功辦(ban)理(li)抵(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)登(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)記時(shi),發生(sheng)抵(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)合同(tong)成立(li)但(dan)不(bu)生(sheng)效(xiao)的(de)后果。

     6.提供(gong)抵押(ya)擔保的(de)(de)在(zai)建工(gong)程(cheng)應為合法建設的(de)(de)在(zai)建工(gong)程(cheng)

     根據《物權(quan)法(fa)(fa)(fa)》及《擔保(bao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)司法(fa)(fa)(fa)解釋》的規(gui)定,抵(di)(di)押人(ren)(ren)可(ke)以(yi)以(yi)其所有(you)的合法(fa)(fa)(fa)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)的在建(jian)(jian)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)提供(gong)抵(di)(di)押擔保(bao)。就“合法(fa)(fa)(fa)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)”問題(ti),應當審(shen)(shen)查:①.在建(jian)(jian)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)是否取得了立項、規(gui)劃(hua)(hua)、用地(di)(di)、環保(bao)相關審(shen)(shen)批文(wen)件,包括但(dan)不限于項目(mu)可(ke)行(xing)性研究報告的批復;國有(you)土(tu)地(di)(di)使用證(zheng),涉及土(tu)地(di)(di)性質(zhi)變(bian)更的,應按(an)照規(gui)定辦理(li)土(tu)地(di)(di)性質(zhi)變(bian)更手續(xu);建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)用地(di)(di)規(gui)劃(hua)(hua)許(xu)可(ke)證(zheng)、建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)規(gui)劃(hua)(hua)許(xu)可(ke)證(zheng)、建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施工(gong)(gong)許(xu)可(ke)證(zheng);環境影響報告書(表)的批復等(deng)。②.在建(jian)(jian)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)項目(mu)本(ben)身是否有(you)超越(yue)或者違反(fan)審(shen)(shen)批文(wen)件要求進(jin)行(xing)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)施工(gong)(gong)的情形。③.抵(di)(di)押人(ren)(ren)是否為在建(jian)(jian)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的所有(you)人(ren)(ren)。為了確(que)保(bao)抵(di)(di)押有(you)效(xiao),應僅以(yi)有(you)權(quan)機關的批準(zhun)文(wen)件和(he)相關證(zheng)書為依據,確(que)認在建(jian)(jian)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的所有(you)人(ren)(ren)。

     此外,在抵(di)押(ya)合同約定(ding)內容、工(gong)程價款優先、抵(di)押(ya)登記問(wen)題(ti)上,還需注意以下問(wen)題(ti):

     (1)《城市(shi)房地(di)產(chan)抵(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)管理辦(ban)法(fa)》第(di)28條(tiao)規(gui)(gui)定,以(yi)在建工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)抵(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)的(de),抵(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)合同還應(ying)當載明以(yi)下(xia)內容:①《國有土(tu)地(di)使用(yong)權(quan)證》、《建設用(yong)地(di)規(gui)(gui)劃許可證》和《建設工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)規(gui)(gui)劃許可證》編(bian)號;②已交(jiao)納(na)的(de)土(tu)地(di)使用(yong)權(quan)出讓金(jin)或需(xu)交(jiao)納(na)的(de)相(xiang)當于土(tu)地(di)使用(yong)權(quan)出讓金(jin)的(de)款額(e);③已投入(ru)在建工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)款;④施工(gong)(gong)(gong)進(jin)度及工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)竣工(gong)(gong)(gong)日期;⑤已完(wan)(wan)成的(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作量和工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量。應(ying)依照上述(shu)規(gui)(gui)定將抵(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)合同的(de)有關要素(su)約定明確(que)和完(wan)(wan)備,并將土(tu)地(di)使用(yong)權(quan)及其在建工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)都(dou)寫(xie)入(ru)抵(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)物范圍。

     (2)最高人(ren)(ren)民法院《關(guan)于建(jian)(jian)設工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)價款優(you)先受償權問(wen)題的批復》第1條規(gui)定,“人(ren)(ren)民法院在審(shen)理房地(di)產糾紛案(an)件和辦理執行(xing)案(an)件中,應(ying)當依照《合(he)同法》第286條的規(gui)定,認(ren)定建(jian)(jian)筑工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的承(cheng)包人(ren)(ren)的優(you)先受償權優(you)于抵押(ya)權和其(qi)他債權。”應(ying)核實抵押(ya)人(ren)(ren)提(ti)供的抵押(ya)財(cai)產是否可以(yi)覆蓋貸款本息以(yi)及建(jian)(jian)筑工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)承(cheng)包人(ren)(ren)的工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)價款,以(yi)避(bi)免出現(xian)因建(jian)(jian)筑工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)承(cheng)包人(ren)(ren)行(xing)使優(you)先受償權而導(dao)致銀行(xing)抵押(ya)財(cai)產不(bu)足(zu)的情形。 

     (3)根(gen)據《物權法(fa)》和《擔保法(fa)》的(de)規(gui)定,在建工程屬(shu)于(yu)法(fa)律規(gui)定強(qiang)制(zhi)登(deng)記的(de)抵押財產,依法(fa)必(bi)須辦理抵押登(deng)記,抵押權自(zi)登(deng)記之日起設立(li)。

     7.建設用地使用權抵(di)押的(de)應根(gen)據使用權取得方式履行相(xiang)應許(xu)可(ke)批(pi)準等手續

     根據我國《物(wu)權法(fa)》、《土(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)管(guan)理(li)(li)法(fa)》等的(de)規定,抵(di)(di)押(ya)人合(he)法(fa)取(qu)得(de)(de)的(de)建(jian)設(she)(she)用(yong)(yong)地(di)(di)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)權可(ke)以作為(wei)抵(di)(di)押(ya)標的(de)。根據使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)權取(qu)得(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)式不同,需(xu)關(guan)(guan)注以下問(wen)(wen)題:以出讓方(fang)(fang)式取(qu)得(de)(de)的(de)建(jian)設(she)(she)用(yong)(yong)地(di)(di)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)權抵(di)(di)押(ya)的(de),無需(xu)外部審批(pi)或許可(ke),使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)權人自(zi)行(xing)辦理(li)(li)抵(di)(di)押(ya)即可(ke)。以劃撥方(fang)(fang)式取(qu)得(de)(de)的(de)建(jian)設(she)(she)用(yong)(yong)地(di)(di)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)權抵(di)(di)押(ya)的(de),需(xu)經縣級以上(shang)人民政府土(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)管(guan)理(li)(li)部門許可(ke),履行(xing)批(pi)準(zhun)手續(xu)或經其辦理(li)(li)抵(di)(di)押(ya)登(deng)記,設(she)(she)立抵(di)(di)押(ya)權。此外,劃撥方(fang)(fang)式取(qu)得(de)(de)的(de)建(jian)設(she)(she)用(yong)(yong)地(di)(di)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)權在實(shi)現(xian)抵(di)(di)押(ya)權時,需(xu)要依法(fa)補(bu)交土(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)出讓金,土(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)價(jia)值剩余(yu)部分(fen)才能用(yong)(yong)來清償債權,因此會對(dui)抵(di)(di)押(ya)財產價(jia)值造成一定減損,在對(dui)抵(di)(di)押(ya)財產進(jin)行(xing)作價(jia)評(ping)估時,需(xu)特別關(guan)(guan)注上(shang)述問(wen)(wen)題。

     8.預(yu)抵(di)押(ya)登(deng)(deng)記(ji)優先受償權在司法實(shi)踐(jian)中可能無法得到保障(zhang),應密(mi)切關(guan)注抵(di)押(ya)登(deng)(deng)記(ji)條件滿足的情況并及時辦理抵(di)押(ya)權登(deng)(deng)記(ji)

     根據《城(cheng)市房(fang)地產(chan)抵(di)押(ya)管(guan)理(li)辦(ban)(ban)法》、《房(fang)屋登(deng)記辦(ban)(ban)法》,辦(ban)(ban)理(li)預抵(di)押(ya)登(deng)記應經過(guo)以(yi)下兩(liang)個步驟:一是辦(ban)(ban)理(li)預購(gou)(gou)房(fang)屋所有權(quan)預告(gao)登(deng)記手續,二是辦(ban)(ban)理(li)預購(gou)(gou)房(fang)屋抵(di)押(ya)權(quan)登(deng)記手續。因此,銀(yin)行在接受抵(di)押(ya)人以(yi)期房(fang)提供抵(di)押(ya)擔(dan)保時(shi),應首先審查預購(gou)(gou)商品房(fang)是否辦(ban)(ban)理(li)了(le)預告(gao)登(deng)記,如(ru)未辦(ban)(ban)理(li),應要(yao)求抵(di)押(ya)人先行辦(ban)(ban)理(li)。 

     其次,預抵(di)押(ya)(ya)登(deng)(deng)記(ji)(ji)具有一定(ding)時效(xiao)性,即在能夠(gou)進行相應的(de)(de)房(fang)(fang)屋(wu)抵(di)押(ya)(ya)登(deng)(deng)記(ji)(ji)之日起三個月內(nei)應及時辦(ban)(ban)(ban)理(li)(li)房(fang)(fang)屋(wu)抵(di)押(ya)(ya)登(deng)(deng)記(ji)(ji),否則該預告登(deng)(deng)記(ji)(ji)有失(shi)效(xiao)的(de)(de)風(feng)險(xian)。因此,在辦(ban)(ban)(ban)理(li)(li)預抵(di)押(ya)(ya)登(deng)(deng)記(ji)(ji)后,銀行應密切關注抵(di)押(ya)(ya)房(fang)(fang)屋(wu)辦(ban)(ban)(ban)理(li)(li)產權(quan)證(zheng)(zheng)、滿足抵(di)押(ya)(ya)登(deng)(deng)記(ji)(ji)條件的(de)(de)情況,督促抵(di)押(ya)(ya)人及時辦(ban)(ban)(ban)理(li)(li)房(fang)(fang)屋(wu)產權(quan)證(zheng)(zheng),并在取(qu)得(de)房(fang)(fang)屋(wu)產權(quan)證(zheng)(zheng)后立即辦(ban)(ban)(ban)理(li)(li)抵(di)押(ya)(ya)登(deng)(deng)記(ji)(ji),避免(mian)預抵(di)押(ya)(ya)登(deng)(deng)記(ji)(ji)失(shi)效(xiao)的(de)(de)風(feng)險(xian)。

     最后還應(ying)注意(yi),即使進(jin)行了預(yu)抵(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)登(deng)記(ji),司法(fa)實踐中(zhong)法(fa)院對(dui)于抵(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)權(quan)人(ren)要(yao)(yao)求就預(yu)抵(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)登(deng)記(ji)的抵(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)物優先(xian)受償的主張是否予以支持還存在(zai)爭議。穩妥(tuo)起見(jian),針(zhen)對(dui)辦理預(yu)抵(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)登(deng)記(ji)的期(qi)房按(an)揭貸(dai)款中(zhong),應(ying)盡量(liang)要(yao)(yao)求開發商提供階段(duan)性連帶保(bao)證(zheng),擔保(bao)階段(duan)應(ying)至少(shao)到辦妥(tuo)正式抵(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)登(deng)記(ji)手續為止。

     9.已(yi)出租房(fang)屋可以抵押,但須關注抵押權(quan)實現(xian)時存在(zai)的問(wen)題

     根(gen)據我國《物權(quan)法(fa)(fa)》和《擔保法(fa)(fa)司(si)法(fa)(fa)解釋》的規定,我國法(fa)(fa)律遵循買賣不破租(zu)賃原(yuan)(yuan)則。具體而(er)言,已出租(zu)房(fang)屋(wu)(wu)可(ke)以設(she)定抵(di)押(ya)擔保,原(yuan)(yuan)租(zu)賃關系不受該抵(di)押(ya)權(quan)的影(ying)(ying)響(xiang),但實現抵(di)押(ya)權(quan)、處(chu)置抵(di)押(ya)房(fang)屋(wu)(wu)時,承租(zu)人享有(you)優先購(gou)買權(quan),且租(zu)賃合同在(zai)有(you)效期內對抵(di)押(ya)物的受讓人繼續有(you)效。抵(di)押(ya)權(quan)實現時的上述兩(liang)項要求(qiu)可(ke)能會在(zai)一定程度上影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)抵(di)押(ya)房(fang)屋(wu)(wu)的處(chu)置情(qing)況,從而(er)影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)銀行抵(di)押(ya)權(quan)的實現效果(guo)。 

     鑒于(yu)(yu)已出(chu)租(zu)(zu)(zu)房(fang)屋(wu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)實(shi)現抵(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)權時(shi)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)上(shang)述問題,在(zai)(zai)(zai)接受房(fang)屋(wu)抵(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)時(shi),應首(shou)先調查抵(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)房(fang)屋(wu)的(de)涉賃(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)情況,由于(yu)(yu)房(fang)屋(wu)租(zu)(zu)(zu)賃(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)并非(fei)必須辦理備案(an)手續,如不存(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)租(zu)(zu)(zu)賃(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)的(de),應要(yao)求抵(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)人(ren)(ren)就不存(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)租(zu)(zu)(zu)賃(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)作出(chu)承諾或(huo)者作為抵(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)合(he)同(tong)的(de)承諾條款;如存(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)租(zu)(zu)(zu)賃(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)的(de),則(ze)應在(zai)(zai)(zai)抵(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)合(he)同(tong)中就抵(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)房(fang)屋(wu)的(de)租(zu)(zu)(zu)賃(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)情況進行描述(例如租(zu)(zu)(zu)賃(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)期限(xian)、是(shi)否存(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)次(ci)承租(zu)(zu)(zu)人(ren)(ren)等)。其次(ci),在(zai)(zai)(zai)實(shi)現抵(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)權、處(chu)置抵(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)物時(shi),需(xu)了解抵(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)人(ren)(ren)是(shi)否通(tong)過法(fa)律認(ren)可的(de)方式(shi)通(tong)知(zhi)承租(zu)(zu)(zu)人(ren)(ren)或(huo)次(ci)承租(zu)(zu)(zu)人(ren)(ren),以確保(bao)承租(zu)(zu)(zu)人(ren)(ren)的(de)優先購(gou)買權。就通(tong)知(zhi)方式(shi),特別需(xu)要(yao)注意的(de)是(shi),有(you)部分地區法(fa)院規定(ding):出(chu)租(zu)(zu)(zu)人(ren)(ren)以在(zai)(zai)(zai)租(zu)(zu)(zu)賃(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)房(fang)屋(wu)處(chu)張(zhang)貼告(gao)示、在(zai)(zai)(zai)新聞(wen)媒體上(shang)刊登(deng)公告(gao)等方式(shi)告(gao)知(zhi)的(de),不發(fa)生通(tong)知(zhi)的(de)法(fa)律后果,除(chu)非(fei)出(chu)租(zu)(zu)(zu)人(ren)(ren)有(you)證據證明無法(fa)通(tong)知(zhi)的(de)除(chu)外。若未經通(tong)知(zhi)承租(zu)(zu)(zu)人(ren)(ren),有(you)可能產生變賣無效的(de)法(fa)律后果。最后,由于(yu)(yu)買賣不破租(zu)(zu)(zu)賃(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)原則(ze),變賣抵(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)房(fang)產的(de)難度較大、抵(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)物價值也大打折(zhe)扣。除(chu)需(xu)謹慎判斷抵(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)房(fang)屋(wu)價值,還可要(yao)求承租(zu)(zu)(zu)人(ren)(ren)或(huo)次(ci)承租(zu)(zu)(zu)人(ren)(ren)事先提供書面放棄優先購(gou)買權的(de)承諾函,否則(ze),可考慮要(yao)求借款人(ren)(ren)增加其他擔(dan)保(bao)方式(shi)。

     10.唯一(yi)住房可(ke)以(yi)抵(di)押,但(dan)須關注抵(di)押權實現時存在的問題

     借款人(ren)或抵(di)押(ya)人(ren)以唯(wei)一住(zhu)(zhu)房(fang)向銀行(xing)(xing)提(ti)供抵(di)押(ya)不存在(zai)(zai)(zai)法(fa)(fa)律障(zhang)礙,但在(zai)(zai)(zai)銀行(xing)(xing)對(dui)(dui)該唯(wei)一住(zhu)(zhu)房(fang)行(xing)(xing)使抵(di)押(ya)權、進(jin)行(xing)(xing)處分時(shi)(shi),根據《最高(gao)人(ren)民(min)法(fa)(fa)院(yuan)(yuan)關(guan)(guan)于(yu)人(ren)民(min)法(fa)(fa)院(yuan)(yuan)民(min)事(shi)執(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)中(zhong)查封、扣押(ya)、凍結(jie)財(cai)產的(de)(de)(de)(de)規定》、《最高(gao)人(ren)民(min)法(fa)(fa)院(yuan)(yuan)關(guan)(guan)于(yu)人(ren)民(min)法(fa)(fa)院(yuan)(yuan)執(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)設(she)定抵(di)押(ya)的(de)(de)(de)(de)房(fang)屋的(de)(de)(de)(de)規定》的(de)(de)(de)(de)規定,只(zhi)要抵(di)押(ya)人(ren)不屬于(yu)無(wu)法(fa)(fa)自行(xing)(xing)解決(jue)居住(zhu)(zhu)問題的(de)(de)(de)(de)低保對(dui)(dui)象(xiang),則(ze)銀行(xing)(xing)在(zai)(zai)(zai)抵(di)押(ya)權行(xing)(xing)使條(tiao)件成(cheng)就時(shi)(shi),有權申請法(fa)(fa)院(yuan)(yuan)將抵(di)押(ya)物拍賣(mai)、變賣(mai)或者抵(di)債,如果被(bei)執(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)人(ren)在(zai)(zai)(zai)六個月(yue)內未遷出(chu),則(ze)人(ren)民(min)法(fa)(fa)院(yuan)(yuan)有權強制遷出(chu),同(tong)時(shi)(shi)銀行(xing)(xing)應為被(bei)執(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)人(ren)提(ti)供臨時(shi)(shi)住(zhu)(zhu)房(fang)。但司法(fa)(fa)實(shi)踐中(zhong),法(fa)(fa)官通常(chang)對(dui)(dui)于(yu)唯(wei)一住(zhu)(zhu)房(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)處置非常(chang)謹慎,唯(wei)一住(zhu)(zhu)房(fang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)抵(di)押(ya)權實(shi)現時(shi)(shi)存在(zai)(zai)(zai)較大難度,須慎重考慮接受以唯(wei)一住(zhu)(zhu)房(fang)設(she)立(li)抵(di)押(ya)的(de)(de)(de)(de)擔保條(tiao)件。

     11.土地(di)承包經(jing)營權(quan)抵押應重點審查經(jing)營權(quan)取(qu)得方式、土地(di)性質及經(jing)營期(qi)限等問題

     《物權法》第(di)180條將以招標、拍賣(mai)、公開協商方式取(qu)得的(de)荒地(di)等土地(di)承(cheng)包(bao)經營(ying)權列為可(ke)以抵(di)(di)押(ya)的(de)財產。土地(di)承(cheng)包(bao)經營(ying)權屬于法律規定(ding)(ding)強制登(deng)記(ji)的(de)抵(di)(di)押(ya)財產,依法必須辦(ban)理(li)抵(di)(di)押(ya)登(deng)記(ji),抵(di)(di)押(ya)權自(zi)登(deng)記(ji)之日起設立。根據《農村土地(di)承(cheng)包(bao)經營(ying)權流(liu)轉管(guan)(guan)理(li)辦(ban)法》第(di)5條的(de)規定(ding)(ding),縣(xian)級以上人民政府農業行政主管(guan)(guan)部(bu)門(men)作為土地(di)承(cheng)包(bao)管(guan)(guan)理(li)部(bu)門(men),負責抵(di)(di)押(ya)登(deng)記(ji)事宜。

     根據《中華人民共和國農村土(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)承包法(fa)》第3條(tiao)、第49條(tiao)規定(ding),接受土(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)承包經(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)權(quan)抵(di)押時(shi),應首先審查擬(ni)抵(di)押的財(cai)產是(shi)否滿(man)足(zu)以(yi)下三個條(tiao)件(jian):(1)是(shi)否通(tong)過(guo)招標、拍(pai)賣、公開協商方式(shi)取(qu)得承包經(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)權(quan),(2)是(shi)否為包含荒山、荒溝、荒丘、荒灘(tan)在(zai)內(nei)的荒地(di)的土(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)承包經(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)權(quan)(由于目前法(fa)律并未明(ming)確(que)規定(ding)家庭承包的土(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)承包經(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)權(quan)可用于抵(di)押,實踐操(cao)作中亦有(you)爭議,因此不建議接受家庭承包土(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)的土(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)經(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)權(quan)抵(di)押)。(3)是(shi)否已(yi)依法(fa)登記并取(qu)得土(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)承包經(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)權(quan)證(zheng)或林權(quan)證(zheng)等證(zheng)書。

     其次,《農(nong)村土地承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)經營(ying)權(quan)(quan)流轉管(guan)理辦法》第3條規定,“農(nong)村土地承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)經營(ying)權(quan)(quan)流轉不(bu)得(de)改(gai)變(bian)承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)土地的(de)(de)農(nong)業用途,流轉期(qi)限(xian)(xian)不(bu)得(de)超過(guo)承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)期(qi)的(de)(de)剩(sheng)余(yu)期(qi)限(xian)(xian)”。在接受抵押時,還應注意審查土地承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)經營(ying)權(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)剩(sheng)余(yu)使用年(nian)限(xian)(xian)是(shi)否可以覆蓋(gai)抵押期(qi)限(xian)(xian)。

     12.采礦權與其對應的土地使用權抵押應關(guan)注的問題

     根據(ju)《物(wu)權法》及《礦(kuang)(kuang)業權出(chu)讓轉讓管理暫行規定》的相關規定,包括(kuo)探礦(kuang)(kuang)權和采(cai)礦(kuang)(kuang)權在內的礦(kuang)(kuang)業權與(yu)其對應的土(tu)地(di)使用權為(wei)可以(yi)抵(di)(di)押的財產。接受(shou)采(cai)礦(kuang)(kuang)權及其對應的土(tu)地(di)使用權抵(di)(di)押時應關注以(yi)下問題(ti):

     第一,采礦(kuang)權抵押(ya)應經原發證機關審(shen)查批準且符合采礦(kuang)權轉(zhuan)讓條(tiao)件。

     《探礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)權(quan)采(cai)(cai)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)權(quan)轉讓管(guan)(guan)理辦法》第(di)6條(tiao)規定(ding),“轉讓采(cai)(cai)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)權(quan),應當(dang)具備以(yi)下條(tiao)件:(一)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)山(shan)企業(ye)投入(ru)采(cai)(cai)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)生產滿(man)1年;(二)采(cai)(cai)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)權(quan)屬(shu)無(wu)爭(zheng)議;(三(san))按照(zhao)國(guo)家有(you)(you)關規定(ding)已經(jing)繳(jiao)納采(cai)(cai)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)權(quan)使用費、采(cai)(cai)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)權(quan)價(jia)款、礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)產資源(yuan)補償費和資源(yuan)稅;(四)國(guo)務院地質(zhi)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)產主(zhu)管(guan)(guan)部(bu)(bu)門(men)規定(ding)的(de)(de)其(qi)他條(tiao)件。國(guo)有(you)(you)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)山(shan)企業(ye)在(zai)申請轉讓采(cai)(cai)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)權(quan)前,應當(dang)征得礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)山(shan)企業(ye)主(zhu)管(guan)(guan)部(bu)(bu)門(men)的(de)(de)同(tong)意。”因(yin)此,在(zai)接受(shou)采(cai)(cai)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)權(quan)抵押(ya)(ya)(ya)前,銀行應注意審查(cha)采(cai)(cai)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)權(quan)是否滿(man)足上述(shu)可以(yi)轉讓的(de)(de)條(tiao)件,并(bing)審查(cha)抵押(ya)(ya)(ya)人就(jiu)抵押(ya)(ya)(ya)事項取得原發證機關審查(cha)批準的(de)(de)情況(kuang),不符(fu)合前述(shu)要求或未取得審查(cha)批準的(de)(de)采(cai)(cai)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)權(quan),銀行應不予(yu)接受(shou)其(qi)設定(ding)抵押(ya)(ya)(ya)。

     第二,采(cai)礦權應(ying)不存在不得抵押的情形。

     根據(ju)《礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)業(ye)(ye)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)出讓轉讓管理暫(zan)行(xing)規(gui)定》第(di)50條規(gui)定,已(yi)出租(zu)的(de)采(cai)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)不(bu)得設(she)定抵(di)(di)(di)押。同時,《國土資源部關于進一步完善采(cai)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)登記管理有(you)關問題的(de)通知》第(di)(二十九)款規(gui)定,“登記管理機關予以備(bei)(bei)案的(de)采(cai)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)抵(di)(di)(di)押申請,應(ying)具備(bei)(bei)以下條件(jian):1.礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)業(ye)(ye)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)價款已(yi)按(an)規(gui)定繳清;2.采(cai)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)屬(shu)無爭議;3.采(cai)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)未被法(fa)定機關扣壓、查封;4.采(cai)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)抵(di)(di)(di)押期沒有(you)超過采(cai)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)許可(ke)證有(you)效(xiao)期;5.采(cai)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)未處(chu)于抵(di)(di)(di)押備(bei)(bei)案狀態或債(zhai)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)人間就受(shou)償關系達成協(xie)議。”對于不(bu)滿(man)足(zu)上述抵(di)(di)(di)押備(bei)(bei)案條件(jian)的(de)采(cai)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan),銀行(xing)也不(bu)應(ying)接受(shou)其設(she)定抵(di)(di)(di)押。

     第三(san),采礦權(quan)抵(di)押應由原發證機關(guan)辦理備案(an)手續(xu)。

     《礦業權(quan)出讓轉讓管(guan)理(li)暫行辦法》第(di)(di)57條規定(ding),“礦業權(quan)設(she)定(ding)抵(di)押時,礦業權(quan)人應持(chi)抵(di)押合(he)同和(he)礦業權(quan)許可證到原發(fa)證機關(guan)(guan)(guan)辦理(li)備(bei)(bei)案(an)手續。”《國土資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)部關(guan)(guan)(guan)于(yu)進一步完(wan)善采礦權(quan)登記管(guan)理(li)有(you)關(guan)(guan)(guan)問題的(de)通知》第(di)(di)(二(er)十八)款規定(ding)采礦權(quan)人申請抵(di)押備(bei)(bei)案(an)應向登記管(guan)理(li)機關(guan)(guan)(guan)提交(jiao)的(de)相關(guan)(guan)(guan)資(zi)(zi)料(liao),在抵(di)押合(he)同簽訂后,銀(yin)行應關(guan)(guan)(guan)注該備(bei)(bei)案(an)手續的(de)辦理(li)情況(kuang)。

     第四,采礦權應與(yu)其對應的土地使用權一并抵押,并辦理相關抵押登記。

     法律并(bing)未對(dui)(dui)采(cai)礦(kuang)權(quan)(quan)與(yu)其對(dui)(dui)應(ying)的(de)土(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)使(shi)用(yong)權(quan)(quan)應(ying)一(yi)并(bing)抵押(ya)(ya)(ya)還是可以分(fen)開抵押(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)問題(ti)作(zuo)出(chu)(chu)明確規(gui)定,實(shi)(shi)踐中各地(di)(di)國(guo)土(tu)(tu)(tu)資(zi)源部門對(dui)(dui)該問題(ti)的(de)處理(li)也有(you)分(fen)歧。但由于其對(dui)(dui)應(ying)的(de)土(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)系(xi)特殊(shu)用(yong)途土(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)(di),僅能用(yong)于采(cai)礦(kuang),亦僅有(you)采(cai)礦(kuang)權(quan)(quan)人(ren)有(you)權(quan)(quan)取得采(cai)礦(kuang)許可證對(dui)(dui)應(ying)之土(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)的(de)使(shi)用(yong)權(quan)(quan),因此,為防范風險,應(ying)要求采(cai)礦(kuang)權(quan)(quan)與(yu)其對(dui)(dui)應(ying)的(de)土(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)使(shi)用(yong)權(quan)(quan)一(yi)并(bing)抵押(ya)(ya)(ya),并(bing)辦理(li)相關(guan)抵押(ya)(ya)(ya)登(deng)(deng)記(ji);或就相關(guan)問題(ti)進一(yi)步(bu)咨詢當地(di)(di)國(guo)土(tu)(tu)(tu)資(zi)源部門意見(jian),以防止(zhi)在辦理(li)采(cai)礦(kuang)權(quan)(quan)抵押(ya)(ya)(ya)(登(deng)(deng)記(ji))備案手續(xu)時(shi)因礦(kuang)床(chuang)所占(zhan)土(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)的(de)土(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)使(shi)用(yong)權(quan)(quan)已抵押(ya)(ya)(ya)給(gei)其他方而被拒絕,或實(shi)(shi)現抵押(ya)(ya)(ya)權(quan)(quan)時(shi)因權(quan)(quan)屬問題(ti)出(chu)(chu)現爭議。

     第五,采礦權不(bu)再限制只能(neng)為采礦權人(ren)自身(shen)債務提供擔保。

     根據《國(guo)土資源部(bu)關于停止執(zhi)行(xing)《關于印發<礦(kuang)(kuang)業(ye)(ye)權出讓(rang)轉讓(rang)管理(li)(li)暫行(xing)規(gui)(gui)定>的通(tong)知(zhi)(zhi)》第五(wu)十(shi)五(wu)條規(gui)(gui)定的通(tong)知(zhi)(zhi)》的規(gui)(gui)定,《礦(kuang)(kuang)業(ye)(ye)權出讓(rang)轉讓(rang)管理(li)(li)暫行(xing)規(gui)(gui)定》第55條已不再執(zhi)行(xing),即不再限制采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)礦(kuang)(kuang)權人(ren)只能以(yi)(yi)采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)礦(kuang)(kuang)權為其自(zi)身債務(wu)提供擔(dan)保(bao),采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)礦(kuang)(kuang)權抵(di)押(ya)(ya)的抵(di)押(ya)(ya)人(ren)與主合同項下(xia)的債務(wu)人(ren)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)為不同主體。因(yin)此,如采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)礦(kuang)(kuang)權人(ren)以(yi)(yi)合法(fa)所有(you)的采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)礦(kuang)(kuang)權及其對應(ying)的土地使用權為他(ta)人(ren)債務(wu)提供抵(di)押(ya)(ya)擔(dan)保(bao)的,可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)接受。

     第六(liu),采礦(kuang)權的剩余有效期限應長于其擔保(bao)主(zhu)債權的履行期限。

     由(you)于采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)礦(kuang)(kuang)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)標的(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)特(te)殊性(xing),實現(xian)抵(di)(di)押權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)、處(chu)置(zhi)采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)礦(kuang)(kuang)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)難度(du)較大(da),為(wei)(wei)了給處(chu)置(zhi)采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)礦(kuang)(kuang)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)留下必要的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)間(jian),銀行(xing)在接受(shou)采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)礦(kuang)(kuang)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)抵(di)(di)押擔保時(shi)采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)礦(kuang)(kuang)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)剩余(yu)有效期限(xian)應最(zui)好比所擔保的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)債履行(xing)期限(xian)長2年以(yi)(yi)上(shang)。處(chu)置(zhi)采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)礦(kuang)(kuang)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)時(shi)可能面臨的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要困難包(bao)括(kuo):首先,處(chu)置(zhi)方(fang)式受(shou)到(dao)限(xian)制。由(you)于銀行(xing)等金(jin)融機(ji)構(gou)經(jing)(jing)(jing)營范圍的(de)(de)(de)限(xian)制,銀行(xing)不能通(tong)過協議轉讓(rang)(rang)的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)式持有采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)礦(kuang)(kuang)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan),因此(ci)銀行(xing)通(tong)常采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)以(yi)(yi)下方(fang)式實現(xian)抵(di)(di)押權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan):(1)協議轉讓(rang)(rang)給第(di)(di)(di)三(san)(san)方(fang),即礦(kuang)(kuang)業(ye)(ye)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)經(jing)(jing)(jing)評(ping)估后,轉讓(rang)(rang)給第(di)(di)(di)三(san)(san)方(fang)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)人(ren),以(yi)(yi)轉讓(rang)(rang)款(kuan)償還欠(qian)款(kuan);(2)通(tong)過法(fa)院拍(pai)賣處(chu)置(zhi),即礦(kuang)(kuang)業(ye)(ye)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)經(jing)(jing)(jing)評(ping)估后,轉讓(rang)(rang)給競(jing)買人(ren),以(yi)(yi)拍(pai)賣款(kuan)償還欠(qian)款(kuan);(3)通(tong)過交易(yi)機(ji)構(gou)轉讓(rang)(rang),即礦(kuang)(kuang)業(ye)(ye)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)經(jing)(jing)(jing)評(ping)估后,選擇(ze)一家全國性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)產權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)交易(yi)所予以(yi)(yi)公開(kai)(kai)(kai)掛牌轉讓(rang)(rang),然后以(yi)(yi)競(jing)買人(ren)支付的(de)(de)(de)轉讓(rang)(rang)款(kuan)償還欠(qian)款(kuan)。其次,受(shou)讓(rang)(rang)人(ren)選擇(ze)受(shou)到(dao)限(xian)制。根據(ju)《探礦(kuang)(kuang)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)礦(kuang)(kuang)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)轉讓(rang)(rang)管理辦(ban)法(fa)》第(di)(di)(di)7條(tiao)的(de)(de)(de)規(gui)定,探礦(kuang)(kuang)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)或(huo)(huo)者(zhe)(zhe)采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)礦(kuang)(kuang)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)轉讓(rang)(rang)的(de)(de)(de)受(shou)讓(rang)(rang)人(ren),應當(dang)符合《礦(kuang)(kuang)產資(zi)源勘(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)查(cha)區塊登記(ji)管理辦(ban)法(fa)》或(huo)(huo)者(zhe)(zhe)《礦(kuang)(kuang)產資(zi)源開(kai)(kai)(kai)采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)登記(ji)管理辦(ban)法(fa)》規(gui)定的(de)(de)(de)有關探礦(kuang)(kuang)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)申請人(ren)或(huo)(huo)者(zhe)(zhe)采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)礦(kuang)(kuang)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)申請人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)條(tiao)件。此(ci)外(wai),根據(ju)2015年頒布的(de)(de)(de)《外(wai)商(shang)(shang)(shang)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)產業(ye)(ye)指導目錄(lu)》,以(yi)(yi)下產業(ye)(ye)限(xian)制外(wai)商(shang)(shang)(shang)投(tou)(tou)資(zi):(1)特(te)殊和稀缺(que)煤(mei)類勘(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)查(cha)、開(kai)(kai)(kai)采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(中(zhong)方(fang)控股);(2)貴金(jin)屬(金(jin)、銀、鉑族)勘(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)查(cha)、開(kai)(kai)(kai)采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai);(3)石(shi)墨(mo)勘(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)察、開(kai)(kai)(kai)采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai);(5)鋰礦(kuang)(kuang)開(kai)(kai)(kai)采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)、選礦(kuang)(kuang)。以(yi)(yi)下產業(ye)(ye)禁止外(wai)商(shang)(shang)(shang)投(tou)(tou)資(zi):(1)鎢、鉬(mu)、錫、銻(ti)、螢石(shi)勘(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)查(cha)、開(kai)(kai)(kai)采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai);(2)稀土勘(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)查(cha)、開(kai)(kai)(kai)采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)、選礦(kuang)(kuang);(3)放射性(xing)礦(kuang)(kuang)產的(de)(de)(de)勘(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)查(cha)、開(kai)(kai)(kai)采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)、選礦(kuang)(kuang)。因此(ci),針對上(shang)述礦(kuang)(kuang)種,受(shou)讓(rang)(rang)人(ren)限(xian)制或(huo)(huo)禁止為(wei)(wei)外(wai)商(shang)(shang)(shang)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)人(ren)。

     第七,盡可能落(luo)實對抵押人銷售回款(kuan)的監管及其他(ta)補充(chong)擔保方式。

     采(cai)礦(kuang)權設立抵(di)押(ya)(ya)后,采(cai)礦(kuang)權的(de)(de)價值(zhi)(zhi)實質上(shang)隨著(zhu)礦(kuang)產資源的(de)(de)開發利用(yong)轉化為礦(kuang)產資源的(de)(de)銷(xiao)售收入,此時,采(cai)礦(kuang)權的(de)(de)價值(zhi)(zhi)相應(ying)(ying)減少,但依據(ju)我國(guo)現行法(fa)律法(fa)規,抵(di)押(ya)(ya)權人(ren)并(bing)不必然對(dui)采(cai)礦(kuang)權價值(zhi)(zhi)轉化形成(cheng)的(de)(de)礦(kuang)產資源的(de)(de)銷(xiao)售收入享有優先權,因此,抵(di)押(ya)(ya)權人(ren)應(ying)(ying)盡可能在借款(kuan)合同或(huo)抵(di)押(ya)(ya)合同中落實對(dui)抵(di)押(ya)(ya)人(ren)銷(xiao)售回款(kuan)的(de)(de)監管(guan)及應(ying)(ying)收賬款(kuan)的(de)(de)質押(ya)(ya)擔保方式(shi),以有效彌補(bu)抵(di)押(ya)(ya)物(wu)的(de)(de)價值(zhi)(zhi)減損(sun)對(dui)抵(di)押(ya)(ya)權人(ren)的(de)(de)影響(xiang)。

     最后(hou),還需關注(zhu)采礦(kuang)(kuang)權(quan)(quan)作為行政許可的(de)權(quan)(quan)利的(de)風險,即一旦(dan)采礦(kuang)(kuang)權(quan)(quan)證被國土資(zi)源部(bu)門依法(fa)吊銷,則基(ji)于采礦(kuang)(kuang)權(quan)(quan)而(er)設立的(de)抵押權(quan)(quan)亦將(jiang)隨之消滅。

     13.林地(di)使用權抵押應關(guan)注的問(wen)題

     根據(ju)《擔保法》和《森(sen)林(lin)資(zi)源資(zi)產抵押登記辦法(試行)》的(de)規(gui)定(ding),林(lin)木及林(lin)地使用(yong)權(quan)可用(yong)于抵押,森(sen)林(lin)或林(lin)木資(zi)源抵押時,其林(lin)地使用(yong)權(quan)須同時抵押。接受林(lin)地使用(yong)權(quan)抵押時,需關注以下(xia)問(wen)題:

    第一(yi),抵押標的是否符(fu)合規定。

     《森(sen)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)資(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)資(zi)(zi)(zi)產(chan)(chan)抵(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)登記辦(ban)法(試行)》第8條(tiao)規(gui)定可(ke)作為抵(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)物的(de)森(sen)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)資(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)資(zi)(zi)(zi)產(chan)(chan)為:用(yong)材(cai)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)、經濟林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)、薪炭林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)的(de)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)地使用(yong)權(quan)(quan);用(yong)材(cai)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)、經濟林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)、薪炭林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)的(de)采(cai)伐跡地、火(huo)燒跡地的(de)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)地使用(yong)權(quan)(quan);國(guo)務院規(gui)定的(de)其(qi)(qi)他森(sen)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)、林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)木和(he)(he)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)地使用(yong)權(quan)(quan)。第9條(tiao)規(gui)定,“下(xia)列森(sen)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)、林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)木和(he)(he)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)地使用(yong)權(quan)(quan)不(bu)(bu)(bu)得抵(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya):……(二)權(quan)(quan)屬(shu)(shu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)清或存在爭議的(de)森(sen)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)、林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)木和(he)(he)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)地使用(yong)權(quan)(quan);(三)未經依法辦(ban)理林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)權(quan)(quan)登記而取得林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)權(quan)(quan)證的(de)森(sen)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)、林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)木和(he)(he)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)地使用(yong)權(quan)(quan)(農村居民在其(qi)(qi)宅基(ji)地、自留山種植的(de)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)木除(chu)外);(四)屬(shu)(shu)于國(guo)防林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)、名勝(sheng)古(gu)跡、革命紀念(nian)地和(he)(he)自然保護區的(de)森(sen)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)、林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)木和(he)(he)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)地使用(yong)權(quan)(quan);……(六(liu))以家庭承包形式(shi)取得的(de)集體林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)地使用(yong)權(quan)(quan);(七)國(guo)家規(gui)定不(bu)(bu)(bu)得抵(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)的(de)其(qi)(qi)他森(sen)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)、林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)木和(he)(he)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)地使用(yong)權(quan)(quan)。”接受林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)木和(he)(he)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)地使用(yong)權(quan)(quan)抵(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)的(de),應關注林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)木是否屬(shu)(shu)于上述(shu)可(ke)抵(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)的(de)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)木范圍,是否存在不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)抵(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)的(de)情形;以林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)木抵(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)時,林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)地使用(yong)權(quan)(quan)須(xu)同時抵(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya),且不(bu)(bu)(bu)得改變林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)地的(de)屬(shu)(shu)性和(he)(he)用(yong)途;以國(guo)家無償(chang)劃(hua)撥(bo)森(sen)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)資(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)資(zi)(zi)(zi)產(chan)(chan)申請抵(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)時,還須(xu)先辦(ban)理相(xiang)關的(de)森(sen)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)、林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)木出讓手(shou)續。

     第二,抵押人是否為(wei)林權的合法享有人且未在林權上設定過其他抵押。

     根據《森林(lin)資(zi)源資(zi)產(chan)抵(di)押(ya)(ya)登(deng)記(ji)辦法(試行)》第11條規定,銀行應要(yao)求(qiu)抵(di)押(ya)(ya)人提(ti)供林(lin)權(quan)證原件和載有擬(ni)抵(di)押(ya)(ya)森林(lin)資(zi)源資(zi)產(chan)的(de)林(lin)地類型(xing)、坐落位置、四至界址、面(mian)積、林(lin)種、樹種、林(lin)齡、蓄積等內(nei)容(rong)的(de)相關(guan)資(zi)料,并與發證機(ji)關(guan)就林(lin)權(quan)證真偽、是否存在其他(ta)在先抵(di)押(ya)(ya)進行核實,如抵(di)押(ya)(ya)申(shen)請人故意隱瞞(man)森林(lin)資(zi)源資(zi)產(chan)已抵(di)押(ya)(ya)登(deng)記(ji)的(de)事實,提(ti)供虛假材料騙取(qu)登(deng)記(ji)機(ji)關(guan)重(zhong)復登(deng)記(ji)的(de),該(gai)登(deng)記(ji)無效。

     第三,林(lin)地使用權抵押(ya)應當辦(ban)理抵押(ya)登記。

     林木(mu)生長于(yu)土(tu)地上時屬于(yu)不(bu)動產,且存在林地使用權(quan)應與(yu)林木(mu)同(tong)時抵(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)的情況,因此以林木(mu)或林地使用權(quan)進行抵(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)時,應辦理抵(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)登記,抵(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)權(quan)自抵(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)登記之日設立。

     實(shi)踐(jian)中可能(neng)存在林權(quan)(quan)(quan)證記載(zai)事項與林權(quan)(quan)(quan)登記簿(bu)(bu)(bu)的記載(zai)不(bu)一致的情(qing)況,根據(ju)(ju)《物權(quan)(quan)(quan)法》的規定,(不(bu)動產(chan))記載(zai)不(bu)一致的,除有(you)證據(ju)(ju)證明不(bu)動產(chan)登記簿(bu)(bu)(bu)確(que)有(you)錯誤外(wai),以不(bu)動產(chan)登記簿(bu)(bu)(bu)為(wei)準,因(yin)此,在辦理林權(quan)(quan)(quan)抵(di)押貸款時,應注(zhu)意(yi)核對林權(quan)(quan)(quan)證與林權(quan)(quan)(quan)登記簿(bu)(bu)(bu)是否一致,確(que)保(bao)抵(di)押物記載(zai)的真實(shi)與準確(que)性(xing)。

     第四,應當(dang)依法進行評(ping)估(gu),設定合理的(de)抵押(ya)率。

     《森(sen)(sen)林(lin)(lin)資(zi)源(yuan)資(zi)產(chan)抵(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)登記辦(ban)法(fa)(試(shi)行(xing))》第12條規定:“抵(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)權人(ren)要求對(dui)(dui)擬抵(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)森(sen)(sen)林(lin)(lin)資(zi)源(yuan)資(zi)產(chan)進行(xing)評(ping)(ping)估的(de)(de)(de),抵(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)人(ren)經抵(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)權人(ren)同(tong)意可(ke)以(yi)聘請具有(you)森(sen)(sen)林(lin)(lin)資(zi)源(yuan)資(zi)產(chan)評(ping)(ping)估資(zi)質的(de)(de)(de)評(ping)(ping)估機構和人(ren)員對(dui)(dui)擬作(zuo)為抵(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)森(sen)(sen)林(lin)(lin)資(zi)源(yuan)資(zi)產(chan)進行(xing)評(ping)(ping)估。森(sen)(sen)林(lin)(lin)資(zi)源(yuan)資(zi)產(chan)評(ping)(ping)估應(ying)按照(zhao)原國(guo)家國(guo)有(you)資(zi)產(chan)管(guan)理(li)局(ju)、林(lin)(lin)業部《關(guan)于發布〈森(sen)(sen)林(lin)(lin)資(zi)源(yuan)資(zi)產(chan)評(ping)(ping)估技術規范(試(shi)行(xing))〉的(de)(de)(de)通(tong)知》(國(guo)資(zi)辦(ban)發[1996]59號)的(de)(de)(de)規定辦(ban)理(li)。”從有(you)效防范風險(xian)的(de)(de)(de)角度,建(jian)議對(dui)(dui)抵(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)標的(de)(de)(de)進行(xing)評(ping)(ping)估并設定合理(li)的(de)(de)(de)抵(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)率(建(jian)議最高不(bu)得超過50%)。

     第五,關(guan)注林木采伐許可證(zheng)的取得情況并對采伐收入進行(xing)控制。

     林木(mu)采(cai)伐(fa)(fa)在我國(guo)實行指標(biao)管理,采(cai)伐(fa)(fa)指標(biao)由(you)縣(xian)級林業主(zhu)管部門或者(zhe)其授權(quan)鄉(xiang)鎮政(zheng)府依照(zhao)有關規(gui)定審核發放采(cai)伐(fa)(fa)許(xu)可證(zheng)(zheng),因此(ci),需(xu)關注辦(ban)理抵(di)押(ya)(ya)前抵(di)押(ya)(ya)人(ren)是否已經取(qu)得(de)林木(mu)采(cai)伐(fa)(fa)許(xu)可證(zheng)(zheng),如果已經取(qu)得(de),應(ying)(ying)要(yao)求抵(di)押(ya)(ya)人(ren)將林木(mu)采(cai)伐(fa)(fa)許(xu)可證(zheng)(zheng)交由(you)抵(di)押(ya)(ya)權(quan)人(ren)保管,并共同向(xiang)林木(mu)行政(zheng)管理部門辦(ban)理登記備案(an)。同時(shi),由(you)于(yu)對林木(mu)的采(cai)伐(fa)(fa)將直接降低抵(di)押(ya)(ya)物(wu)的價值,因此(ci),應(ying)(ying)爭取(qu)在借款合同和抵(di)押(ya)(ya)合同中約定,抵(di)押(ya)(ya)人(ren)確需(xu)采(cai)伐(fa)(fa)林木(mu)的,采(cai)伐(fa)(fa)收入進(jin)入監管賬戶或者(zhe)用(yong)于(yu)歸還(huan)貸款本息(xi)。

     第六,遵守各地的不同規(gui)定并(bing)與(yu)產權市(shi)場積極(ji)溝通。

     我國部分(fen)地(di)區對(dui)林(lin)權(quan)(quan)抵(di)押(ya)(ya)出臺有(you)不(bu)同的(de)監(jian)管(guan)(guan)規(gui)定,比如(ru):《貴(gui)州(zhou)省林(lin)權(quan)(quan)抵(di)押(ya)(ya)貸款實施(shi)(shi)意(yi)見(jian)》、《重(zhong)慶市林(lin)權(quan)(quan)抵(di)押(ya)(ya)融資登記管(guan)(guan)理實施(shi)(shi)細則(ze)(試行)》、《浙(zhe)江(jiang)省林(lin)權(quan)(quan)流轉(zhuan)和(he)抵(di)押(ya)(ya)管(guan)(guan)理辦(ban)(ban)法(fa)》等,在實際辦(ban)(ban)理林(lin)權(quan)(quan)抵(di)押(ya)(ya)業務(wu)的(de)過程中(zhong),應遵守各地(di)不(bu)同規(gui)定,進(jin)行靈(ling)活處理,以確保抵(di)押(ya)(ya)權(quan)(quan)的(de)全面完(wan)善并便于得(de)到當地(di)林(lin)業部門的(de)支(zhi)持。

     此外(wai),由于林(lin)權(quan)(quan)抵(di)(di)押(ya)物的(de)特殊性,林(lin)權(quan)(quan)變現處置(zhi)較為困難。林(lin)業產權(quan)(quan)交易中心和森(sen)林(lin)資源(yuan)(yuan)收(shou)購中心是林(lin)權(quan)(quan)轉讓的(de)兩大主要(yao)市場,其中,森(sen)林(lin)資源(yuan)(yuan)收(shou)儲中心主要(yao)解(jie)決對林(lin)權(quan)(quan)的(de)非(fei)競爭性收(shou)購,建(jian)議銀行在抵(di)(di)押(ya)林(lin)權(quan)(quan)處置(zhi)過程中與森(sen)林(lin)資源(yuan)(yuan)收(shou)儲中心積極協(xie)商,推動抵(di)(di)押(ya)權(quan)(quan)的(de)順利實現。

     14.海域使用權抵押應關注的問(wen)題

     根據《物(wu)權(quan)(quan)法(fa)》及《海域使用(yong)管理(li)法(fa)》的(de)(de)規定,海域使用(yong)權(quan)(quan)是(shi)用(yong)益物(wu)權(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)一種,屬(shu)于(yu)經行政(zheng)許可(ke)取得(de)的(de)(de)權(quan)(quan)利,并可(ke)依(yi)(yi)法(fa)轉讓,符合《物(wu)權(quan)(quan)法(fa)》對于(yu)抵押財產必須具(ju)有(you)可(ke)讓與性的(de)(de)要(yao)求,可(ke)以依(yi)(yi)法(fa)進行抵押。以海域使用(yong)權(quan)(quan)抵押的(de)(de),須向海洋行政(zheng)主管部(bu)門(men)辦理(li)抵押登(deng)記。有(you)以下問(wen)題需特別關注:

    (1)海域(yu)使(shi)用金的(de)繳納(na)情況(kuang)

     由(you)于海域(yu)(yu)使用金的繳納方(fang)式可以為一次繳納或(huo)逐(zhu)年(nian)(nian)繳納,《海域(yu)(yu)使用權(quan)出讓(rang)合同》約(yue)定逐(zhu)年(nian)(nian)繳納的情況下,須密切關注(zhu)使用權(quan)人(ren)(ren)每年(nian)(nian)按時(shi)交納使用金的情況。避(bi)免發生使用權(quan)人(ren)(ren)不按時(shi)繳納海域(yu)(yu)使用金,而被出讓(rang)人(ren)(ren)解(jie)除《海域(yu)(yu)使用權(quan)出讓(rang)合同》,喪失海域(yu)(yu)使用權(quan),進而導致銀(yin)行喪失抵(di)(di)押權(quan),或(huo)影響(xiang)銀(yin)行實(shi)現(xian)抵(di)(di)押權(quan)。

    (2)海域使用權證書(shu)的年審情況(kuang)

    根據相關(guan)規定,海(hai)域(yu)使(shi)用權(quan)(quan)證書(shu)需進行年(nian)(nian)審,年(nian)(nian)審內容包括海(hai)域(yu)使(shi)用項(xiang)(xiang)目所涉及的(de)使(shi)用權(quan)(quan)人、海(hai)域(yu)使(shi)用的(de)位置、面積、用途、海(hai)域(yu)使(shi)用金(jin)繳納、海(hai)域(yu)使(shi)用期限及抵(di)押(ya)(ya)等(deng)各項(xiang)(xiang)情(qing)(qing)況(kuang),應督促抵(di)押(ya)(ya)人及時辦理海(hai)域(yu)使(shi)用權(quan)(quan)證書(shu)的(de)年(nian)(nian)審情(qing)(qing)況(kuang),避免發生因(yin)未通過(guo)年(nian)(nian)審的(de)而無法繼續取得海(hai)域(yu)使(shi)用權(quan)(quan),進而影(ying)響(xiang)銀行抵(di)押(ya)(ya)權(quan)(quan)的(de)情(qing)(qing)形。

   (3)填(tian)海項目取得的土地使用(yong)權(quan)一(yi)并抵押的情(qing)況(kuang)

    《海(hai)域(yu)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)管理法》規定涉及填(tian)(tian)海(hai)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)的,海(hai)域(yu)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)權(quan)人(ren)應(ying)(ying)當自填(tian)(tian)海(hai)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)竣(jun)工之日(ri)起三個月內,憑海(hai)域(yu)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)權(quan)證(zheng)書,向縣級以上人(ren)民政(zheng)府土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)行(xing)政(zheng)主管部門提(ti)出土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)登(deng)記(ji)申請(qing)并取得土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)權(quan)證(zheng)書。為(wei)保(bao)障銀行(xing)權(quan)益,應(ying)(ying)在《抵押(ya)合同》中明確約(yue)定,涉及填(tian)(tian)海(hai)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)的,使(shi)用(yong)(yong)權(quan)人(ren)隨(sui)后取得土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)權(quan)亦(yi)應(ying)(ying)抵押(ya)給(gei)銀行(xing)并應(ying)(ying)及時辦理土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)權(quan)登(deng)記(ji)及抵押(ya)登(deng)記(ji)。

     15.船舶、民用航(hang)空器、機動車等(deng)交通工(gong)具抵押應(ying)關注的問(wen)題

     根(gen)據《物(wu)權法(fa)》、《擔保法(fa)》、《海商法(fa)》及(ji)《民用航(hang)空法(fa)》的規定(ding),船舶、民用航(hang)空器、機動車(che)等交通工具(ju)可以設定(ding)抵押(ya),抵押(ya)權自抵押(ya)合(he)同生(sheng)效時設立,未經登記,不得(de)對抗善意第三人。為(wei)確保抵押(ya)權具(ju)有對抗效力,均應要求及(ji)時辦理(li)抵押(ya)登記手(shou)續。此外,還應關注以下問題(ti):

     第一,應(ying)關注抵押物(wu)留置(zhi)權(quan)(quan)和優先權(quan)(quan)對銀行債權(quan)(quan)的影(ying)響。

     (1)在船(chuan)(chuan)舶(bo)(bo)抵押(ya)業(ye)務中(zhong),船(chuan)(chuan)舶(bo)(bo)優(you)(you)先權先于船(chuan)(chuan)舶(bo)(bo)留(liu)置權受(shou)償,船(chuan)(chuan)舶(bo)(bo)抵押(ya)權后(hou)于船(chuan)(chuan)舶(bo)(bo)留(liu)置權受(shou)償。銀行在決(jue)定是否授信和(he)計(ji)算抵押(ya)物價值(zhi)時(shi),應考(kao)慮到留(liu)置權和(he)優(you)(you)先權對銀行債權的影響。就船(chuan)(chuan)舶(bo)(bo)優(you)(you)先權的種類,《海商法》第22條規定:“下列各項海事請求具(ju)有船(chuan)(chuan)舶(bo)(bo)優(you)(you)先權:

   (一)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)長、船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)員和在(zai)(zai)(zai)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)上工作的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)其他在(zai)(zai)(zai)編(bian)人(ren)員根據勞動法律、行(xing)政(zheng)法規(gui)(gui)或(huo)者(zhe)勞動合同(tong)所產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工資、其他勞動報酬、船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)員遣(qian)返費(fei)(fei)用和社會保險費(fei)(fei)用的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)給付請(qing)(qing)求(qiu)(qiu);(二)在(zai)(zai)(zai)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)舶(bo)(bo)營(ying)運中(zhong)發生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)身傷(shang)亡(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)賠償請(qing)(qing)求(qiu)(qiu);(三)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)舶(bo)(bo)噸(dun)稅(shui)、引航費(fei)(fei)、港務費(fei)(fei)和其他港口規(gui)(gui)費(fei)(fei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)繳付請(qing)(qing)求(qiu)(qiu);(四)海難救(jiu)助的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)救(jiu)助款項的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)給付請(qing)(qing)求(qiu)(qiu);(五(wu)(wu))船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)舶(bo)(bo)在(zai)(zai)(zai)營(ying)運中(zhong)因侵(qin)權(quan)(quan)行(xing)為產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)財(cai)產(chan)賠償請(qing)(qing)求(qiu)(qiu)。載運2000噸(dun)以(yi)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)散(san)裝貨油的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)舶(bo)(bo),持有(you)有(you)效的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)證(zheng)書,證(zheng)明已(yi)經進行(xing)油污損害(hai)民事責任保險或(huo)者(zhe)具有(you)相應的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)財(cai)務保證(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),對其造成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)油污損害(hai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)賠償請(qing)(qing)求(qiu)(qiu),不屬于前款第(di)(di)(五(wu)(wu))項規(gui)(gui)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)范(fan)圍。”就(jiu)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)舶(bo)(bo)留(liu)(liu)置(zhi)(zhi)權(quan)(quan)發生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情況(kuang),《海商(shang)法》第(di)(di)22條第(di)(di)二款規(gui)(gui)定:“船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)舶(bo)(bo)留(liu)(liu)置(zhi)(zhi)權(quan)(quan),是(shi)指造船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)人(ren)、修(xiu)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)人(ren)在(zai)(zai)(zai)合同(tong)另一方未履行(xing)合同(tong)時,可以(yi)留(liu)(liu)置(zhi)(zhi)所占(zhan)有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)舶(bo)(bo),以(yi)保證(zheng)造船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)費(fei)(fei)用或(huo)者(zhe)修(xiu)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)費(fei)(fei)用得以(yi)償還(huan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)權(quan)(quan)利(li)。船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)舶(bo)(bo)留(liu)(liu)置(zhi)(zhi)權(quan)(quan)在(zai)(zai)(zai)造船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)人(ren)、修(xiu)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)人(ren)不再占(zhan)有(you)所造或(huo)者(zhe)所修(xiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)舶(bo)(bo)時消滅。”

     (2)《民(min)(min)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)航(hang)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)法》同樣規(gui)定(ding)(ding)了民(min)(min)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)航(hang)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)優(you)先(xian)權(quan)(quan),第(di)22條(tiao)(tiao)規(gui)定(ding)(ding),“民(min)(min)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)航(hang)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)器(qi)優(you)先(xian)權(quan)(quan)先(xian)于(yu)民(min)(min)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)航(hang)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)器(qi)抵押權(quan)(quan)受償(chang)。”第(di)19條(tiao)(tiao)規(gui)定(ding)(ding),“下(xia)列各項(xiang)債權(quan)(quan)具有民(min)(min)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)航(hang)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)器(qi)優(you)先(xian)權(quan)(quan):(一)援救該民(min)(min)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)航(hang)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)報(bao)酬;(二)保管(guan)維(wei)護該民(min)(min)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)航(hang)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)必需(xu)費用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。前款規(gui)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)各項(xiang)債權(quan)(quan),后發生的(de)(de)(de)(de)先(xian)受償(chang)。”但(dan)民(min)(min)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)航(hang)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)器(qi)優(you)先(xian)權(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)存在具有一定(ding)(ding)時效性(xing),第(di)20條(tiao)(tiao)規(gui)定(ding)(ding),“本法第(di)十九條(tiao)(tiao)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)民(min)(min)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)航(hang)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)器(qi)優(you)先(xian)權(quan)(quan),其債權(quan)(quan)人(ren)應當自援救或者保管(guan)維(wei)護工作終了之日起三個月內,就其債權(quan)(quan)向國務院民(min)(min)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)航(hang)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)主管(guan)部門登(deng)記(ji)。”

     第二,船舶抵押應關(guan)注的(de)其他問題。

     (1)在光船租(zu)賃期間(jian)對船舶(bo)設(she)定抵押權(quan)的,確保該抵押已(yi)經承租(zu)人同意

     光船(chuan)租(zu)(zu)賃(lin),是指船(chuan)舶(bo)(bo)出(chu)租(zu)(zu)人僅提(ti)供(gong)不包括船(chuan)員在(zai)內(nei)的(de)(de)船(chuan)舶(bo)(bo)給承租(zu)(zu)人使用的(de)(de)租(zu)(zu)船(chuan)方式。《海商法》第151條規定(ding):“未經承租(zu)(zu)人事先(xian)書(shu)面(mian)同(tong)(tong)意(yi),出(chu)租(zu)(zu)人不得在(zai)光船(chuan)租(zu)(zu)賃(lin)期間對船(chuan)舶(bo)(bo)設定(ding)抵押(ya)權。出(chu)租(zu)(zu)人違反(fan)前款(kuan)規定(ding),致使承租(zu)(zu)人遭受損失(shi)的(de)(de),應(ying)當負賠償責任。”此(ci)規定(ding)為(wei)法律明確的(de)(de)禁止性規定(ding),如(ru)在(zai)光船(chuan)租(zu)(zu)賃(lin)期間對船(chuan)舶(bo)(bo)設定(ding)抵押(ya)權,應(ying)要求抵押(ya)人征得承租(zu)(zu)人的(de)(de)同(tong)(tong)意(yi)并(bing)提(ti)供(gong)承租(zu)(zu)人出(chu)具(ju)的(de)(de)同(tong)(tong)意(yi)函等(deng)書(shu)面(mian)文件。

     (2)建(jian)造中船舶申(shen)請(qing)抵押登記的特殊要求(qiu)

     根據《船(chuan)舶登記工作規程》(海船(chuan)舶[2015]9號)第62條規定,“建(jian)造中船(chuan)舶申請(qing)抵(di)押權(quan)登記時,如為分段建(jian)造的(de),應該已經完成至少(shao)一個以上的(de)船(chuan)舶分段并(bing)(bing)處(chu)(chu)于(yu)建(jian)造階段;如為整體(ti)建(jian)造的(de),應該已經安放(fang)龍骨(gu)并(bing)(bing)處(chu)(chu)于(yu)建(jian)造階段。”

     (3)船舶抵押(ya)權的實現由專門法院(yuan)管轄

     我國海(hai)事糾紛(fen)適用專門管轄(xia),銀行擬通(tong)過法院主張船(chuan)舶(bo)抵押權的,應(ying)通(tong)過有管轄(xia)權的海(hai)事法院進行,并將(jiang)適用相關的《海(hai)事訴訟(song)特別程序法》和司(si)法解釋進行審理(li)。

     16.動(dong)產浮動(dong)抵(di)押(ya)存(cun)在較大風(feng)險,應正確(que)看待浮動(dong)抵(di)押(ya)的風(feng)險緩釋作用

     《物權(quan)法》第181、189、196條規定了動產(chan)浮(fu)動抵押制度(du)。接(jie)受(shou)浮(fu)動抵押時,應關注以下可能(neng)面臨的風(feng)險:

    (1)抵(di)(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)財產較難估值(zhi)。不(bu)同于其(qi)他不(bu)動產抵(di)(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)和(he)動產抵(di)(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya),浮動抵(di)(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)抵(di)(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)財產具有生(sheng)產設備易損耗(hao),原材料、半(ban)成(cheng)品和(he)產品的(de)市(shi)場價值(zhi)不(bu)穩定,變現(xian)前景不(bu)明了等特點(dian),且(qie)沒有完善的(de)價值(zhi)評估標準和(he)體系,如抵(di)(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)人惡(e)意隱(yin)瞞抵(di)(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)財產的(de)損耗(hao)程度,夸大抵(di)(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)財產的(de)市(shi)場價值(zhi)和(he)升(sheng)值(zhi)空間等,容(rong)易導(dao)致銀行對抵(di)(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)物價值(zhi)判(pan)斷偏頗,發生(sheng)抵(di)(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)權實現(xian)時,抵(di)(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)物嚴重(zhong)不(bu)足值(zhi)的(de)風險。

    (2)抵(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)財產(chan)較難(nan)控制。抵(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)權(quan)實現(xian)前,浮動(dong)抵(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)的抵(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)標的物都處在變動(dong)、未(wei)定的狀態中(zhong),抵(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)權(quan)人對未(wei)特(te)定化的抵(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)財產(chan)并無控制力(li)和支配力(li),抵(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)人有權(quan)在生產(chan)經營活動(dong)中(zhong)對抵(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)財產(chan)進行自(zi)由處分。

    浮動抵(di)押權(quan)(quan)不得對抗正常(chang)生產經營(ying)中已支付(fu)合理價(jia)(jia)款(kuan)并取得抵(di)押財產的(de)(de)買(mai)受人(ren);此外,如(ru)抵(di)押人(ren)在抵(di)押財產上設定動產質(zhi)押等其他擔(dan)保物(wu)(wu)權(quan)(quan)或留置(zhi)權(quan)(quan)等法定優(you)先(xian)權(quan)(quan)的(de)(de),該等擔(dan)保物(wu)(wu)權(quan)(quan)和(he)留置(zhi)權(quan)(quan)都(dou)將優(you)先(xian)于浮動抵(di)押權(quan)(quan)。上述情況都(dou)可能導致抵(di)押權(quan)(quan)實(shi)現時的(de)(de)抵(di)押財產遠(yuan)遠(yuan)低(di)于設定浮動抵(di)押時財產的(de)(de)價(jia)(jia)值,無法為主債(zhai)權(quan)(quan)提供有效擔(dan)保的(de)(de)風險(xian)。 

    浮動抵(di)押(ya)存在對抵(di)押(ya)權人保護較弱的(de)固有風險,抵(di)押(ya)權人只能就約定或者法定事由發(fa)生后已確定的(de)抵(di)押(ya)財產優先受(shou)償,因此銀行應謹慎接受(shou)浮動抵(di)押(ya)。

    17.順位抵押的操(cao)作流程(cheng)及法律風險(xian)

    《物權法》允(yun)許財產(chan)向(xiang)兩(liang)個以上債(zhai)權人抵押,抵押權已登記的,按登記的先(xian)后順(shun)序清(qing)償,順(shun)序相同的,按照債(zhai)權比例清(qing)償。

    但部分抵(di)(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)財產存在(zai)(zai)法(fa)律(lv)法(fa)規明確規定不(bu)(bu)得(de)設立第二(er)順(shun)位(wei)(wei)抵(di)(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)的情況,例如(1)《森(sen)林(lin)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)資(zi)(zi)產抵(di)(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)登記(ji)辦(ban)法(fa)(試行)》規定已抵(di)(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)森(sen)林(lin)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)資(zi)(zi)產在(zai)(zai)抵(di)(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)期限(xian)內不(bu)(bu)得(de)重(zhong)復申請辦(ban)理抵(di)(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)登記(ji)。(2)《國土資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)部關(guan)于進一(yi)步完善采礦(kuang)權(quan)登記(ji)管(guan)理有(you)關(guan)問題的通知》規定采礦(kuang)權(quan)未處于抵(di)(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)備案(an)(an)狀態或債權(quan)人(ren)間(jian)就受償關(guan)系達(da)成協議方可在(zai)(zai)登記(ji)管(guan)理機關(guan)予(yu)以采礦(kuang)權(quan)抵(di)(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)備案(an)(an)的申請應具備的條件包括。因(yin)此(ci),實踐操(cao)作中(zhong)可能存在(zai)(zai)已抵(di)(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)的采礦(kuang)權(quan)無(wu)法(fa)設立第二(er)順(shun)位(wei)(wei)抵(di)(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)的情形。因(yin)此(ci),銀行接受第二(er)順(shun)位(wei)(wei)抵(di)(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)時,應首先審查該抵(di)(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)物是否允許(xu)設立順(shun)位(wei)(wei)抵(di)(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)。

    就抵(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)登記(ji)流程來說,第二(er)順位抵(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)登記(ji)與第一(yi)順位抵(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)登記(ji)的辦理程序基本無差異(yi),但(dan)為了(le)避免地方(fang)登記(ji)程序差異(yi)影響銀(yin)行利益,在(zai)接受(shou)抵(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)前,應根據抵(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)物(wu)的不同情況咨詢(xun)當(dang)地主管部門辦理辦理第二(er)順位抵(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)登記(ji)的要求及流程。

    銀行接受(shou)第(di)二順位抵押存在的風險主要為以下:

    第(di)一(yi),抵(di)押(ya)物(wu)(wu)價(jia)(jia)值不足(zu)值。《物(wu)(wu)權(quan)法》第(di)199條規定,同一(yi)財產(chan)向兩個以上債權(quan)人(ren)抵(di)押(ya)并均進行了(le)登記的(de)(de),拍(pai)賣、變賣抵(di)押(ya)財產(chan)所得價(jia)(jia)款的(de)(de)清償(chang)(chang)順(shun)序為登記在(zai)先(xian)的(de)(de)優(you)先(xian)受償(chang)(chang),即第(di)二順(shun)位抵(di)押(ya)權(quan)人(ren)只(zhi)能(neng)在(zai)第(di)一(yi)順(shun)位抵(di)押(ya)權(quan)人(ren)的(de)(de)債權(quan)全部實現后(hou),才(cai)能(neng)對拍(pai)賣、變賣抵(di)押(ya)物(wu)(wu)后(hou)的(de)(de)剩余(yu)款項享有優(you)先(xian)受償(chang)(chang)權(quan),由此可能(neng)導致抵(di)押(ya)物(wu)(wu)變現余(yu)額不能(neng)足(zu)額清償(chang)(chang)主合(he)同項下(xia)債權(quan)的(de)(de)風險。

    第(di)二(er)(er),抵(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)權(quan)(quan)實(shi)(shi)(shi)現難(nan)度大(da)。銀行作為(wei)第(di)二(er)(er)順位(wei)(wei)(wei)抵(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)權(quan)(quan)人時(shi)(shi),如第(di)一順位(wei)(wei)(wei)抵(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)權(quan)(quan)人尚不(bu)具備實(shi)(shi)(shi)現抵(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)權(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)情形,或第(di)一順位(wei)(wei)(wei)抵(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)權(quan)(quan)人不(bu)同意后續(xu)抵(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)權(quan)(quan)人處分(fen)抵(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de),則即(ji)使第(di)二(er)(er)順位(wei)(wei)(wei)抵(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)權(quan)(quan)已滿足實(shi)(shi)(shi)現抵(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)權(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)條件,仍可能(neng)面臨難(nan)以處分(fen)抵(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)物(wu)、實(shi)(shi)(shi)現抵(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)權(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)風險,原因(yin)在(zai)于(yu):第(di)一順位(wei)(wei)(wei)抵(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)權(quan)(quan)人對抵(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)物(wu)擁有法(fa)定優先權(quan)(quan),在(zai)其(qi)主債(zhai)權(quan)(quan)尚未完全得(de)(de)到(dao)清償(chang)之前(qian),難(nan)以準確估量其(qi)將(jiang)來實(shi)(shi)(shi)際(ji)享有的(de)(de)(de)(de)債(zhai)權(quan)(quan)數額(e),從而在(zai)拍賣、變賣所(suo)得(de)(de)價(jia)(jia)款中預先進(jin)行提存。實(shi)(shi)(shi)踐中,法(fa)院出(chu)于(yu)保護第(di)一順位(wei)(wei)(wei)抵(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)權(quan)(quan)人利(li)益的(de)(de)(de)(de)考(kao)慮(lv),很可能(neng)不(bu)允許(xu)第(di)二(er)(er)順位(wei)(wei)(wei)抵(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)權(quan)(quan)人單方面直接行使抵(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)權(quan)(quan),從而使銀行的(de)(de)(de)(de)債(zhai)權(quan)(quan)無法(fa)得(de)(de)到(dao)及時(shi)(shi)清償(chang)。因(yin)此,銀行在(zai)接受第(di)二(er)(er)順位(wei)(wei)(wei)抵(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)時(shi)(shi),應(ying)充分(fen)考(kao)量抵(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)價(jia)(jia)值(zhi)及擔保的(de)(de)(de)(de)其(qi)他主債(zhai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)情況,并搭配其(qi)他擔保方式。

    18.最高額抵押應(ying)關注的(de)問題

    (1)最高(gao)額(e)抵押擔保的債權最高(gao)限額(e)

    最高(gao)額(e)(e)抵押擔(dan)保(bao)的債權(quan)(quan)最高(gao)限(xian)額(e)(e)有(you)兩種確(que)定(ding)方式(shi)(shi):第(di)一(yi)種方式(shi)(shi)為雙方達成(cheng)一(yi)致意見(jian)后直接約(yue)定(ding)一(yi)個具體金(jin)(jin)(jin)額(e)(e),該金(jin)(jin)(jin)額(e)(e)應(ying)(ying)為授信本金(jin)(jin)(jin)(債權(quan)(quan)本金(jin)(jin)(jin))放大一(yi)定(ding)倍(bei)數后的金(jin)(jin)(jin)額(e)(e)(通常不低(di)于(yu)1.2倍(bei));第(di)二(er)種方式(shi)(shi)是約(yue)定(ding)擔(dan)保(bao)債權(quan)(quan)最高(gao)限(xian)額(e)(e)為債權(quan)(quan)本金(jin)(jin)(jin)金(jin)(jin)(jin)額(e)(e)和(he)(he)相(xiang)應(ying)(ying)的利息、罰息、違(wei)約(yue)金(jin)(jin)(jin)、損(sun)害賠償(chang)金(jin)(jin)(jin)以及(ji)為實現債權(quan)(quan)、擔(dan)保(bao)權(quan)(quan)利等所發生的一(yi)切費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)用(包括但(dan)不限(xian)于(yu)訴訟費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)、仲裁(cai)費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)、律師費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)、差旅費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)、評(ping)估費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)、過戶費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)、保(bao)全費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)、公(gong)告費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)、公(gong)證認(ren)證費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)、翻譯費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)、執行費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)等)和(he)(he)其(qi)他所有(you)應(ying)(ying)付的費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)用之(zhi)和(he)(he),但(dan)在(zai)(zai)現在(zai)(zai)的司法(fa)實踐(jian)中,此種方式(shi)(shi)存在(zai)(zai)利息、罰息及(ji)其(qi)他費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)用脫保(bao)的風險,故如果(guo)在(zai)(zai)談判(pan)地位允許(xu)的前提下,盡量采用第(di)一(yi)種約(yue)定(ding)方式(shi)(shi)。本項內(nei)容(rong)對最高(gao)額(e)(e)質押及(ji)最高(gao)額(e)(e)保(bao)證同樣適用。

    (2)最(zui)高額抵(di)押(ya)主債權(quan)為或(huo)有債權(quan)時應關(guan)注的問(wen)題

    最(zui)高(gao)(gao)額(e)擔(dan)(dan)保(bao)是(shi)對一(yi)定期(qi)間內連續(xu)發生的債權(quan)(quan)提供擔(dan)(dan)保(bao),對于(yu)一(yi)般的貸款(kuan)來說,銀行(xing)實(shi)際放款(kuan)日(ri)(ri)為債權(quan)(quan)發生日(ri)(ri),但對于(yu)票據、信用證(zheng)、保(bao)函等(deng)或有債權(quan)(quan),由于(yu)司法實(shi)踐(jian)中對此類業(ye)務如何確(que)定債權(quan)(quan)發生日(ri)(ri)存(cun)在不同理(li)解,導(dao)致上述業(ye)務在適用最(zui)高(gao)(gao)額(e)擔(dan)(dan)保(bao)時,一(yi)旦最(zui)高(gao)(gao)額(e)擔(dan)(dan)保(bao)合(he)同約定的債權(quan)(quan)發生期(qi)間沒有全部覆蓋開(kai)立票(證(zheng))的日(ri)(ri)期(qi)及到(dao)期(qi)日(ri)(ri),可能出現(xian)脫保(bao)風(feng)險。

    目前(qian)總行標(biao)準文本(ben)明確(que)約定,票(piao)(piao)(piao)據、信用證(zheng)、保函、商業承兌匯票(piao)(piao)(piao)保貼(包括主合同(tong)(tong)債務(wu)(wu)人為(wei)承兌人及(ji)持(chi)票(piao)(piao)(piao)人等情形(xing))或(huo)其他(ta)或(huo)有負債業務(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de),只要上述業務(wu)(wu)對應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)合同(tong)(tong)簽(qian)署日、票(piao)(piao)(piao)據、信用證(zheng)、保函等的(de)(de)(de)開立日、到期(qi)日或(huo)乙(yi)方實際(ji)墊款日、履(lv)行擔保責任(ren)日等任(ren)一(yi)日期(qi)發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)在合同(tong)(tong)約定的(de)(de)(de)債權(quan)(quan)發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)期(qi)間內(nei),則基于上述業務(wu)(wu)形(xing)成的(de)(de)(de)全(quan)部(bu)債權(quan)(quan)均納入最(zui)高額擔保范圍(wei)之內(nei),抵(di)押人均應(ying)承擔相應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)擔保責任(ren)。如(ru)擬簽(qian)署文本(ben)為(wei)非總行標(biao)準合同(tong)(tong)文本(ben),應(ying)注意確(que)保合同(tong)(tong)約定的(de)(de)(de)債權(quan)(quan)發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)期(qi)間覆(fu)蓋全(quan)部(bu)債權(quan)(quan)發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)日,如(ru)為(wei)票(piao)(piao)(piao)據、信用證(zheng)、保函業務(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de),應(ying)確(que)保合同(tong)(tong)約定的(de)(de)(de)債權(quan)(quan)發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)期(qi)間覆(fu)蓋開立日至(zhi)到期(qi)日。本(ben)項內(nei)容對最(zui)高額質(zhi)押及(ji)最(zui)高額保證(zheng)同(tong)(tong)樣適(shi)用。

    (3)最高(gao)額(e)(e)抵押(ya)權設立前已經(jing)存(cun)在(zai)的債(zhai)權如何(he)轉入最高(gao)額(e)(e)抵押(ya)擔保的債(zhai)權范圍

    《物權(quan)法》第203條規定(ding):“最高額(e)抵(di)押權(quan)設立前已經(jing)存在的債權(quan),經(jing)當(dang)事人同意,可以轉入最高額(e)抵(di)押擔保的債權(quan)范圍。”

    就如(ru)何(he)(he)使最(zui)高(gao)額(e)(e)抵(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)權設(she)立(li)前(qian)已經存在的債(zhai)權轉入最(zui)高(gao)額(e)(e)抵(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)擔保債(zhai)權范(fan)圍(wei)(wei)的問題,首(shou)先,抵(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)人(ren)和抵(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)權人(ren)應協商一致,簽訂(ding)書面(mian)協議(或(huo)補(bu)充協議),明(ming)(ming)確將(jiang)何(he)(he)年(nian)何(he)(he)年(nian)何(he)(he)日誰與(yu)誰之間(jian)簽訂(ding)的什(shen)么(me)合(he)同項下(xia)的債(zhai)務納(na)(na)入到最(zui)高(gao)額(e)(e)抵(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)合(he)同所(suo)擔保的范(fan)圍(wei)(wei)之列(lie);其次,抵(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)人(ren)和抵(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)權人(ren)還應當(dang)到房屋(wu)或(huo)土地登記(ji)機關辦(ban)理抵(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)登記(ji)或(huo)變更登記(ji)手(shou)續。如(ru)《房屋(wu)登記(ji)辦(ban)法(fa)》第52條(tiao)就規定(ding):“當(dang)事人(ren)將(jiang)最(zui)高(gao)額(e)(e)抵(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)權設(she)立(li)前(qian)已存在債(zhai)權轉入最(zui)高(gao)額(e)(e)抵(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)擔保的債(zhai)權范(fan)圍(wei)(wei),申請(qing)登記(ji)的,應當(dang)提交(jiao)下(xia)列(lie)材料(liao):(一)已存在債(zhai)權的合(he)同或(huo)者其他登記(ji)原(yuan)因(yin)證明(ming)(ming)材料(liao);(二)抵(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)人(ren)與(yu)抵(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)權人(ren)同意將(jiang)該債(zhai)權納(na)(na)入最(zui)高(gao)額(e)(e)抵(di)(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)權擔保范(fan)圍(wei)(wei)的書面(mian)材料(liao)。”

    (4)最高額抵押授信(xin)項下抵押物被(bei)查封(feng)后又解封(feng)可(ke)視情形(xing)繼續(xu)放款

    對于抵(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)財(cai)(cai)產(chan)(chan)被(bei)查(cha)(cha)封(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)又(you)解(jie)(jie)(jie)封(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)后,最(zui)(zui)高(gao)額(e)(e)抵(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)中(zhong)(zhong)受(shou)抵(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)擔(dan)保的(de)(de)主債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)權數額(e)(e)是(shi)否可以繼續增(zeng)加,現行有(you)效的(de)(de)法(fa)(fa)律(lv)、法(fa)(fa)規(gui)(gui)、規(gui)(gui)章(zhang)、司法(fa)(fa)解(jie)(jie)(jie)釋(shi)以及其(qi)他規(gui)(gui)范(fan)性(xing)法(fa)(fa)律(lv)文件(jian)并(bing)沒(mei)有(you)做出明確規(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)。從《物(wu)權法(fa)(fa)》立法(fa)(fa)精神上看,既(ji)已存在(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)最(zui)(zui)高(gao)額(e)(e)抵(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)在(zai)(zai)抵(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)財(cai)(cai)產(chan)(chan)查(cha)(cha)封(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)前(qian)、查(cha)(cha)封(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)中(zhong)(zhong)和解(jie)(jie)(jie)封(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)后是(shi)連續存在(zai)(zai)的(de)(de),最(zui)(zui)高(gao)額(e)(e)抵(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)擔(dan)保的(de)(de)債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)權數額(e)(e)在(zai)(zai)抵(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)財(cai)(cai)產(chan)(chan)查(cha)(cha)封(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)時,根據法(fa)(fa)律(lv)的(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding),發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)權確定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)法(fa)(fa)定(ding)(ding)事(shi)由(you)。在(zai)(zai)抵(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)財(cai)(cai)產(chan)(chan)解(jie)(jie)(jie)封(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)后,法(fa)(fa)律(lv)規(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)最(zui)(zui)高(gao)額(e)(e)債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)權確定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)法(fa)(fa)定(ding)(ding)事(shi)由(you)滅失(shi),并(bing)且(qie)債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)權人(ren)與債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)務人(ren)之間的(de)(de)相關債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)權合(he)同(tong)(tong)、最(zui)(zui)高(gao)額(e)(e)抵(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)合(he)同(tong)(tong)也沒(mei)有(you)因為抵(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)財(cai)(cai)產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)查(cha)(cha)封(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)、解(jie)(jie)(jie)封(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)而終止,所(suo)以最(zui)(zui)高(gao)額(e)(e)債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)權在(zai)(zai)查(cha)(cha)封(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)財(cai)(cai)產(chan)(chan)解(jie)(jie)(jie)封(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)后應(ying)當(dang)視(shi)為尚(shang)未(wei)確定(ding)(ding),最(zui)(zui)高(gao)額(e)(e)抵(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)權的(de)(de)效力應(ying)當(dang)恢復到(dao)抵(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)財(cai)(cai)產(chan)(chan)被(bei)查(cha)(cha)封(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)前(qian)的(de)(de)狀態(tai)。因此(ci)相關債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)權合(he)同(tong)(tong)項下可以發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)新的(de)(de)債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)權,新發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)權應(ying)當(dang)受(shou)到(dao)最(zui)(zui)高(gao)額(e)(e)抵(di)(di)押(ya)(ya)擔(dan)保。但司法(fa)(fa)實踐中(zhong)(zhong),不同(tong)(tong)法(fa)(fa)院對此(ci)可能(neng)持(chi)有(you)不同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)觀點。

    特別(bie)的(de)(de),債(zhai)(zhai)務人財產(chan)在最(zui)高額抵(di)押擔保期間發生被(bei)查(cha)封(feng)(feng)的(de)(de)情(qing)況(kuang),多是由債(zhai)(zhai)務人償(chang)債(zhai)(zhai)能力出現問題或涉訴引起的(de)(de),銀行應予以關注,詳細了解(jie)上述查(cha)封(feng)(feng)、解(jie)封(feng)(feng)情(qing)況(kuang)下債(zhai)(zhai)務人的(de)(de)資信(xin)情(qing)況(kuang),可以要(yao)求(qiu)債(zhai)(zhai)務人就(jiu)本次(ci)查(cha)封(feng)(feng)、解(jie)封(feng)(feng)的(de)(de)原因作出說(shuo)明。如財產(chan)查(cha)封(feng)(feng)確實是因為債(zhai)(zhai)務人償(chang)債(zhai)(zhai)能力出現問題,出具債(zhai)(zhai)權(quan)安全的(de)(de)考慮,建議結(jie)合(he)主(zhu)合(he)同的(de)(de)約定,停止新增貸款(kuan),要(yao)求(qiu)其提(ti)前(qian)償(chang)貸、提(ti)供新的(de)(de)擔保,或承擔合(he)同中的(de)(de)相(xiang)關責任。(來源:CITIC法(fa)律法(fa)律、國培機構(gou))